ZhangZhihui's Blog  
PostgreSQL - Install PostgreSQL and pgAdmin

1️⃣ Install PostgreSQL

sudo apt update
sudo apt install postgresql postgresql-contrib

✅ This installs both the server and the psql CLI tool.

zzh@ZZHPC:~$ sudo apt install postgresql postgresql-contrib
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libcommon-sense-perl libjson-perl libjson-xs-perl libllvm14 libpq5 libtypes-serialiser-perl postgresql-14 postgresql-client-14 postgresql-client-common
  postgresql-common sysstat
Suggested packages:
  postgresql-doc postgresql-doc-14 isag
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libcommon-sense-perl libjson-perl libjson-xs-perl libllvm14 libpq5 libtypes-serialiser-perl postgresql postgresql-14 postgresql-client-14
  postgresql-client-common postgresql-common postgresql-contrib sysstat
0 upgraded, 13 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 42.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 162 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 libcommon-sense-perl amd64 3.75-2build1 [21.1 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 libjson-perl all 4.04000-1 [81.8 kB]                  
Get:3 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 libtypes-serialiser-perl all 1.01-1 [11.6 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 libjson-xs-perl amd64 4.030-1build3 [87.2 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 postgresql-client-common all 238 [29.6 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 postgresql-common all 238 [169 kB]
Get:7 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 postgresql all 14+238 [3,288 B]
Get:8 http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 postgresql-contrib all 14+238 [3,292 B]
Get:9 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 libllvm14 amd64 1:14.0.0-1ubuntu1.1 [24.0 MB]
Get:10 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 libpq5 amd64 14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 [152 kB]                                                     
Get:11 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 postgresql-client-14 amd64 14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 [1,246 kB]                                     
Get:12 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 postgresql-14 amd64 14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1 [16.2 MB]                                             
Get:13 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security/main amd64 sysstat amd64 12.5.2-2ubuntu0.2 [487 kB]                                                         
Fetched 42.5 MB in 14s (3,062 kB/s)                                                                                                                                 
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Setting up postgresql-client-14 (14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/share/postgresql/14/man/man1/psql.1.gz to provide /usr/share/man/man1/psql.1.gz (psql.1.gz) in auto mode
Setting up libllvm14:amd64 (1:14.0.0-1ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up libtypes-serialiser-perl (1.01-1) ...
Setting up libjson-perl (4.04000-1) ...
Setting up sysstat (12.5.2-2ubuntu0.2) ...

Creating config file /etc/default/sysstat with new version
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/sar.sysstat to provide /usr/bin/sar (sar) in auto mode
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sysstat.service.wants/sysstat-collect.timer → /lib/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sysstat.service.wants/sysstat-summary.timer → /lib/systemd/system/sysstat-summary.timer.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sysstat.service → /lib/systemd/system/sysstat.service.
Setting up libjson-xs-perl (4.030-1build3) ...
Setting up postgresql-common (238) ...
Adding user postgres to group ssl-cert

Creating config file /etc/postgresql-common/createcluster.conf with new version
Building PostgreSQL dictionaries from installed myspell/hunspell packages...
  en_au
  en_ca
  en_gb
  en_us
  en_za
Removing obsolete dictionary files:
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postgresql.service → /lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service.
Setting up postgresql-14 (14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1) ...
Creating new PostgreSQL cluster 14/main ...
/usr/lib/postgresql/14/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/postgresql/14/main --auth-local peer --auth-host scram-sha-256 --no-instructions
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locales
  COLLATE:  en_US.UTF-8
  CTYPE:    en_US.UTF-8
  MESSAGES: en_US.UTF-8
  MONETARY: zh_CN.UTF-8
  NUMERIC:  zh_CN.UTF-8
  TIME:     zh_CN.UTF-8
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/14/main ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Asia/Shanghai
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok
update-alternatives: using /usr/share/postgresql/14/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz to provide /usr/share/man/man1/postmaster.1.gz (postmaster.1.gz) in auto mode
Setting up postgresql-contrib (14+238) ...
Setting up postgresql (14+238) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.10.2-1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.35-0ubuntu3.9) ...

 

zzh@ZZHPC:~$ sudo systemctl status postgresql
● postgresql.service - PostgreSQL RDBMS
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postgresql.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (exited) since Mon 2025-04-21 09:11:22 CST; 12min ago
    Process: 12488 ExecStart=/bin/true (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
   Main PID: 12488 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
        CPU: 1ms

4月 21 09:11:22 ZZHPC systemd[1]: Starting PostgreSQL RDBMS...
4月 21 09:11:22 ZZHPC systemd[1]: Finished PostgreSQL RDBMS.

 

Switch to the postgres user

PostgreSQL creates a special system user named postgres.

zzh@ZZHPC:~$ sudo -i -u postgres
postgres@ZZHPC:~$ psql
psql (14.17 (Ubuntu 14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# CREATE DATABASE zzhdb;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# \c zzhdb
You are now connected to database "zzhdb" as user "postgres".
zzhdb=# CREATE USER zzh WITH PASSWORD 'zzh';
CREATE ROLE
zzhdb=# GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE zzhdb to zzh;
GRANT
zzhdb=# \q
postgres@ZZHPC:~$ exit
logout

 

2️⃣ Install pgAdmin (Web UI)

pgAdmin is not in the default apt repositories, so we’ll add the official repository.

Add pgAdmin Repository:

curl https://www.pgadmin.org/static/packages_pgadmin_org.pub | sudo apt-key add -
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/pgadmin/pgadmin4/apt/$(lsb_release -cs) pgadmin4 main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgadmin4.list && apt update'

Install pgAdmin:

For desktop mode (with system tray icon):

sudo apt install pgadmin4-desktop

 

zzh@ZZHPC:~$ sudo apt install pgadmin4-desktop
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  pgadmin4-server
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  pgadmin4-desktop pgadmin4-server
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 209 MB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/pgadmin/pgadmin4/apt/jammy pgadmin4/main amd64 pgadmin4-server amd64 9.2 [123 MB]
Get:2 https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/pgadmin/pgadmin4/apt/jammy pgadmin4/main amd64 pgadmin4-desktop amd64 9.2 [86.1 MB]                                            
Fetched 209 MB in 1min 3s (3,329 kB/s)                                                                                                                              
Selecting previously unselected package pgadmin4-server.
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Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1ubuntu1) ...

For web mode (access via browser):

sudo apt install pgadmin4-web
sudo /usr/pgadmin4/bin/setup-web.sh

 

🔐 Accessing pgAdmin

    • After setup, open your browser and go to:
      👉 http://localhost/pgadmin4 or http://127.0.0.1/pgadmin4

    • You’ll be prompted to set up an admin email/password the first time.

 

 

 

🔧 What is "Maintenance database"?

This is the initial database that pgAdmin connects to when logging into the PostgreSQL server. It’s used to:

  • Establish the initial session

  • Run background tasks like listing databases, checking roles, etc.

📌 Default value: postgres

  • PostgreSQL creates a default database named postgres, which is always accessible and typically used for administrative purposes.

  • That’s why pgAdmin uses it by default as the "maintenance database."

🧠 Should I change it?

You can, but usually don’t need to — unless:

  1. You’ve deleted the postgres database (not recommended).

  2. You want pgAdmin to connect directly to your custom database (e.g., zzhdb) instead of postgres.

 

By default, the postgres user in PostgreSQL does not have a password set, especially when installed via package managers like apt on Ubuntu.

🔐 So how do you access it?

On Ubuntu, you're expected to access the postgres user like this:

sudo -i -u postgres psql

This works because of peer authentication, where PostgreSQL trusts users if their Linux username matches their PostgreSQL username.

❗️If you want to connect via pgAdmin or any other client:

You need to set a password for the postgres user, because clients require password authentication.

✅ Set a password for postgres:

sudo -u postgres psql ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'your_secure_password'; \q

Now you can use:

  • Username: postgres

  • Password: whatever you just set

  • Maintenance DB: postgres (default)

 

 

 

 

 

🧨 Why this happens:

The SHOW data_directory; command tries to access a backend server configuration setting, which is considered sensitive.

By default, only:

  • Superusers

  • Members of the role pg_read_all_settings

...can view it.

✅ Solution 1: Make zzh a Superuser (⚠️ Use with care)

ALTER USER zzh WITH SUPERUSER;

🚨 Caution: Superusers can do anything in the database — great for development, risky for production.

✅ Solution 2: Grant pg_read_all_settings role (recommended for read-only access)

This lets the user view config settings without full superuser powers:

GRANT pg_read_all_settings TO zzh;

Then try:

SHOW data_directory;

🎯 This is the safer approach and is perfect for users who just need to inspect config.

✅ Bonus: Run as superuser temporarily

You can also just run the query as the postgres user, if you don't want to change roles:

sudo -u postgres psql SHOW data_directory;

 

zzh@ZZHPC:~$ sudo -i -u postgres
postgres@ZZHPC:~$ psql
psql (14.17 (Ubuntu 14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# GRANT pg_read_all_settings TO zzh;
GRANT ROLE
postgres=# \q
postgres@ZZHPC:~$ exit
logout

zzh@ZZHPC:~$ psql -U zzh -d zzhdb
psql (14.17 (Ubuntu 14.17-0ubuntu0.22.04.1))
Type "help" for help.

zzhdb=> SHOW data_directory;
       data_directory        
-----------------------------
 /var/lib/postgresql/14/main
(1 row)

zzhdb=>

 

zzhdb=> \d pg_database;
               Table "pg_catalog.pg_database"
    Column     |   Type    | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------------+-----------+-----------+----------+---------
 oid           | oid       |           | not null | 
 datname       | name      |           | not null | 
 datdba        | oid       |           | not null | 
 encoding      | integer   |           | not null | 
 datcollate    | name      |           | not null | 
 datctype      | name      |           | not null | 
 datistemplate | boolean   |           | not null | 
 datallowconn  | boolean   |           | not null | 
 datconnlimit  | integer   |           | not null | 
 datlastsysoid | oid       |           | not null | 
 datfrozenxid  | xid       |           | not null | 
 datminmxid    | xid       |           | not null | 
 dattablespace | oid       |           | not null | 
 datacl        | aclitem[] |           |          | 
Indexes:
    "pg_database_oid_index" PRIMARY KEY, btree (oid), tablespace "pg_global"
    "pg_database_datname_index" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (datname), tablespace "pg_global"
Tablespace: "pg_global"

zzhdb=> SELECT oid, datname FROM pg_database;
  oid  |  datname  
-------+-----------
 13799 | postgres
     1 | template1
 13798 | template0
 16384 | zzhdb
(4 rows)

 

postgres@ZZHPC:~$ cd /var/lib/postgresql/14/main
postgres@ZZHPC:~/14/main$ ls -l
total 84
drwx------ 6 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:27 base
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:26 global
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_commit_ts
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_dynshmem
drwx------ 4 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 11:22 pg_logical
drwx------ 4 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_multixact
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_notify
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_replslot
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_serial
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_snapshots
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_stat
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_stat_tmp
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_subtrans
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_tblspc
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_twophase
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres    3 Apr 21 09:11 PG_VERSION
drwx------ 3 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_wal
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 pg_xact
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   88 Apr 21 09:11 postgresql.auto.conf
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  130 Apr 21 09:11 postmaster.opts
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  109 Apr 21 09:11 postmaster.pid
postgres@ZZHPC:~/14/main$ cd base
postgres@ZZHPC:~/14/main/base$ ls -l
total 16
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 1
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:11 13798
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:26 13799
drwx------ 2 postgres postgres 4096 Apr 21 09:27 16384

 

zzhdb=> \d pg_class;
                     Table "pg_catalog.pg_class"
       Column        |     Type     | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------
 oid                 | oid          |           | not null | 
 relname             | name         |           | not null | 
 relnamespace        | oid          |           | not null | 
 reltype             | oid          |           | not null | 
 reloftype           | oid          |           | not null | 
 relowner            | oid          |           | not null | 
 relam               | oid          |           | not null | 
 relfilenode         | oid          |           | not null | 
 reltablespace       | oid          |           | not null | 
 relpages            | integer      |           | not null | 
 reltuples           | real         |           | not null | 
 relallvisible       | integer      |           | not null | 
 reltoastrelid       | oid          |           | not null | 
 relhasindex         | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relisshared         | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relpersistence      | "char"       |           | not null | 
 relkind             | "char"       |           | not null | 
 relnatts            | smallint     |           | not null | 
 relchecks           | smallint     |           | not null | 
 relhasrules         | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relhastriggers      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relhassubclass      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relrowsecurity      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relforcerowsecurity | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relispopulated      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relreplident        | "char"       |           | not null | 
 relispartition      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relrewrite          | oid          |           | not null | 
 relfrozenxid        | xid          |           | not null | 
 relminmxid          | xid          |           | not null | 
 relacl              | aclitem[]    |           |          | 
 reloptions          | text[]       | C         |          | 
 relpartbound        | pg_node_tree | C         |          | 
Indexes:
    "pg_class_oid_index" PRIMARY KEY, btree (oid)
    "pg_class_relname_nsp_index" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (relname, relnamespace)
    "pg_class_tblspc_relfilenode_index" btree (reltablespace, relfilenode)

 

postgres@ZZHPC:~/14/main/base/16384$ ls -l
total 8588
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 112
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 113
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 114688 Apr 21 09:27 1247
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 1247_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 1247_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 450560 Apr 21 09:27 1249
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 1249_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 1249_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 770048 Apr 21 09:27 1255
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 1255_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 1255_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres 106496 Apr 21 09:27 1259
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 1259_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 1259_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  65536 Apr 21 09:27 13617
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 13617_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13617_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 13620
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13621
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13622
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 13622_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13622_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 13625
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13626
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13627
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 13627_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13627_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 13630
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13631
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13632
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 13632_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13632_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 13635
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 13636
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 1417
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 1418
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 174
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 175
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2187
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 2224
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  16384 Apr 21 09:27 2228
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 2328
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 2336
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2337
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  16384 Apr 21 09:27 2579
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  16384 Apr 21 09:27 2600
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2600_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2600_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2601
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2601_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2601_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  57344 Apr 21 09:27 2602
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2602_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2602_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  40960 Apr 21 09:27 2603
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2603_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2603_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      0 Apr 21 09:27 2604
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  16384 Apr 21 09:27 2605
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2605_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2605_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2606
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2606_fsm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres   8192 Apr 21 09:27 2606_vm
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  16384 Apr 21 09:27 2607
-rw------- 1 postgres postgres  24576 Apr 21 09:27 2607_fsm
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-rw------- 1 postgres postgres    512 Apr 21 09:27 pg_filenode.map
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-rw------- 1 postgres postgres      3 Apr 21 09:27 PG_VERSION

 

 

 

posted on 2025-04-21 09:23  ZhangZhihuiAAA  阅读(25)  评论(0)    收藏  举报
 
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