实验五
实验任务1
源代码:
publisher.cpp
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include "publisher.hpp" // Publisher类:实现 Publisher::Publisher(const std::string &name_): name {name_} { } // Book类: 实现 Book::Book(const std::string &name_ , const std::string &author_ ): Publisher{name_}, author{author_} { } void Book::publish() const { std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n'; } void Book::use() const { std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n'; } // Film类:实现 Film::Film(const std::string &name_, const std::string &director_):Publisher{name_},director{director_} { } void Film::publish() const { std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n'; } void Film::use() const { std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n'; } // Music类:实现 Music::Music(const std::string &name_, const std::string &artist_): Publisher{name_}, artist{artist_} { } void Music::publish() const { std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n'; } void Music::use() const { std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n'; }
publisher.hpp
#pragma once #include <string> // 发行/出版物类:Publisher (抽象类) class Publisher { public: Publisher(const std::string &name_ = ""); // 构造函数 virtual ~Publisher() = default; public: virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承 virtual void use() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承 protected: std::string name; // 发行/出版物名称 }; // 图书类: Book class Book: public Publisher { public: Book(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &author_ = ""); // 构造函数 public: void publish() const override; // 接口 void use() const override; // 接口 private: std::string author; // 作者 }; // 电影类: Film class Film: public Publisher { public: Film(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &director_ = ""); // 构造函数 public: void publish() const override; // 接口 void use() const override; // 接口 private: std::string director; // 导演 }; // 音乐类:Music class Music: public Publisher { public: Music(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &artist_ = ""); public: void publish() const override; // 接口 void use() const override; // 接口 private: std::string artist; // 音乐艺术家名称 };
task1.cpp
#include <memory> #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include "publisher.hpp" void test1() { std::vector<Publisher *> v; v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling")); v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola")); v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan")); for(Publisher *ptr: v) { ptr->publish(); ptr->use(); std::cout << '\n'; delete ptr; } } void test2() { std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v; v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling")); v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola")); v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan")); for(const auto &ptr: v) { ptr->publish(); ptr->use(); std::cout << '\n'; } } void test3() { Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout"); book.publish(); book.use(); } int main() { std::cout << "运行时多态:纯虚函数、抽象类\n"; std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n"; test2(); std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n"; test3(); }
运行截图:

问题1:抽象类机制
(1)是什么决定了 Publisher 是抽象类?用一句话说明,并指出代码中的具体依据。
Publisher类中含有纯虚函数
virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
virtual void use() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
(2)如果在 main.cpp 里直接写 Publisher p; 能否编译通过?为什么?
不能。Publisher是纯虚函数,不能实例化。
问题2:纯虚函数与接口继承
(1) Book 、 Film 、 Music 必须实现哪两个函数才能通过编译?请写出其完整函数声明。
(2) 在 publisher.cpp 的 Film 类实现中,把两个成员函数实现里的 const 去掉(保持函数体不变),重新
编译,报错信息是什么?
(1)实现基类中的纯虚函数
virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
virtual void use() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
(2)如下图所示:

问题3:运行时多态与虚析构
(1)在 test1() 里, for (Publisher *ptr : v) 中 ptr 的声明类型是什么?
(2)当循环执行到 ptr->publish(); 时, ptr 实际指向的对象类型分别有哪些?(按循环顺序写出)
(3)基类 Publisher 的析构函数为何声明为 virtual ?若删除 virtual ,执行 delete ptr; 会出现什么
问题?
(1)Publisher*
(2)Book、Film、Music。
(3)在派生类的析构函数起作用时,确保能够正确调用相应的析构函数,如果派生类的成员无法被正确释放,将会导致内存泄漏。
实验任务2
源代码
book.hpp
#pragma once #include <string> // 图书描述信息类Book: 声明 class Book { public: Book(const std::string &name_, const std::string &author_, const std::string &translator_, const std::string &isbn_, double price_); friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book); private: std::string name; // 书名 std::string author; // 作者 std::string translator; // 译者 std::string isbn; // isbn号 double price; // 定价 };
book.cpp
#include <<iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include "book.hpp" // 图书描述信息类Book: 实现 Book::Book(const std::string &name_, const std::string &author_, const std::string &translator_, const std::string &isbn_, double price_) : name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} { } // 运算符<<重载实现 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) { using std::left; using std::setw; out << left; out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n' << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n' << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n' << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n' << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price; return out; }
booksale.hpp
#pragma once #include <string> #include "book.hpp" // 图书销售记录类BookSale:声明 class BookSale { public: BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_); int get_amount() const; // 返回销售数量 double get_revenue() const; // 返回营收 friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item); private: Book rb; // 图书信息 double sales_price; // 售价 int sales_amount; // 销售数量 };
booksale.cpp
#include <<iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include "booksale.hpp" // 图书销售记录类BookSale:实现 BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_) : rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} { } int BookSale::get_amount() const { return sales_amount; } double BookSale::get_revenue() const { return sales_amount * sales_price; } // 运算符<<重载实现 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) { using std::left; using std::setw; out << left; out << item.rb << '\n' << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n' << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n' << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue(); return out; }
task2.cpp
#include "booksale.hpp" #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <algorithm> // 按图书销售数额比较(降序) bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) { return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount(); } void test() { using namespace std; vector<BookSale> sales_lst; // 存放图书销售记录 int books_number; cout << "录入图书数量: "; cin >> books_number; cout << "录入图书销售记录" << endl; for (int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) { string name, author, translator, isbn; float price; cout << string(20, '-') << "第" << i + 1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << endl; cout << "录入书名: "; cin >> name; cout << "录入作者: "; cin >> author; cout << "录入译者: "; cin >> translator; cout << "录入isbn: "; cin >> isbn; cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price; Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price); float sales_price; int sales_amount; cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price; cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount; BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount); sales_lst.push_back(record); } // 按销售册数降序排序 sort(sales_lst.begin(), sales_lst.end(), compare_by_amount); // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息 cout << string(20, '=') << "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << endl; for (auto &t : sales_lst) { cout << t << endl; cout << string(40, '-') << endl; } } int main() { test(); }
运行截图:

问题1:
(1)找出运算符 << 被重载了几处?分别用于什么类型?被重载了 2 处,分别用于Book类和BookSale类。
(2)找出使用重载 << 输出对象的代码,写在下面。
cout << item.rb << '\n'和cout << t << endl。
问题2:图书销售统计
(1)图书销售记录"按销售数量降序排序",代码是如何实现的?
通过sort(sales_lst.begin(), sales_lst.end(), compare_by_amount);语句从sales_lst.begin()到sales_lst.end(),依次调用compare_by_amount()函数
实验任务4
源代码
pet.hpp
#pragma once #include <string> // 机器宠物抽象类(MachinePet) class MachinePet { public: // 构造函数:用字符串初始化昵称 MachinePet(const std::string& nickname_) : nickname(nickname_) {} // 虚析构函数:确保派生类对象正确析构 virtual ~MachinePet() = default; // 接口:获取昵称 std::string get_nickname() const { return nickname; } // 纯虚函数:叫声接口(运行时多态,派生类实现) virtual std::string talk() const = 0; protected: std::string nickname; // 机器宠物昵称 }; // 电子宠物猫类(PetCat):公有继承自MachinePet class PetCat : public MachinePet { public: // 构造函数:初始化昵称(通过初始化列表传递给基类) PetCat(const std::string& nickname_) : MachinePet(nickname_) {} // 实现talk():返回猫叫声 std::string talk() const override { return "miao wu~"; } }; // 电子宠物狗类(PetDog):公有继承自MachinePet class PetDog : public MachinePet { public: // 构造函数:初始化昵称(通过初始化列表传递给基类) PetDog(const std::string& nickname_) : MachinePet(nickname_) {} // 实现talk():返回狗叫声 std::string talk() const override { return "wang wang~"; } };
task4.cpp
#include <iostream> #include <memory> #include <vector> #include "pet.hpp" void test1() { std::vector<MachinePet *> pets; pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku")); pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang")); for (MachinePet *ptr : pets) { std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n'; delete ptr; // 须手动释放资源 } } void test2() { std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets; pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku")); pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang")); for (auto const &ptr : pets) std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n'; } void test3() { // MachinePet pet("little cutie"); // 编译报错:无法定义抽象类对象 const PetCat cat("miku"); std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n'; const PetDog dog("da huang"); std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n'; } int main() { std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n"; test2(); std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n"; test3(); }
运行截图:

实验任务5
Complex.hpp
#pragma once #include <iostream> // 复数类模板Complex template<typename T> class Complex { public: // 1. 构造函数(支持默认构造、带参构造、拷贝构造) Complex() : real(0), imag(0) {} // 默认构造:实部虚部均为0 Complex(T r, T i) : real(r), imag(i) {} // 带参构造:初始化实部和虚部 Complex(const Complex<T>& other) : real(other.real), imag(other.imag) {} // 拷贝构造 // 2. 接口:获取实部和虚部 T get_real() const { return real; } T get_imag() const { return imag; } // 3. 运算符重载:+=(成员函数,支持复数相加) Complex<T>& operator+=(const Complex<T>& rhs) { this->real += rhs.real; this->imag += rhs.imag; return *this; } // 4. 运算符重载:==(成员函数,判断复数相等) bool operator==(const Complex<T>& rhs) const { return (this->real == rhs.real) && (this->imag == rhs.imag); } // 5. 友元函数:重载<<(输出复数,格式:实部±虚部i) friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Complex<T>& c) { out << c.real; if (c.imag >= 0) { out << "+" << c.imag << "i"; } else { out << c.imag << "i"; // 虚部为负时,直接输出负号 } return out; } // 6. 友元函数:重载>>(输入复数,支持两种输入格式:a b 或 a±bi) friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Complex<T>& c) { in >> c.real >> c.imag; return in; } private: T real; // 复数实部 T imag; // 复数虚部 }; // 7. 运算符重载:+(非成员函数,支持复数+复数) template<typename T> Complex<T> operator+(const Complex<T>& lhs, const Complex<T>& rhs) { return Complex<T>(lhs.get_real() + rhs.get_real(), lhs.get_imag() + rhs.get_imag()); }
task5.cpp
#include <iostream> #include "Complex.hpp" void test1() { using std::cout; using std::boolalpha; Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1); cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n'; cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n'; c1 += c2; cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n'; } void test2() { using std::cin; using std::cout; Complex<double> c1, c2; cout << "Enter c1 and c2: "; cin >> c1 >> c2; cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n'; const Complex<double> c3(c1); cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n'; cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n'; } int main() { std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n"; test2(); }
运行截图:

实验任务1:
源代码:
点击查看publisher.cpp#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "publisher.hpp"
// Publisher类:实现
Publisher::Publisher(const std::string &name_): name {name_} {
}
// Book类: 实现
Book::Book(const std::string &name_ , const std::string &author_ ): Publisher{name_}, author{author_} {
}
void Book::publish() const {
std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}
void Book::use() const {
std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}
// Film类:实现
Film::Film(const std::string &name_, const std::string &director_):Publisher{name_},director{director_} {
}
void Film::publish() const {
std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}
void Film::use() const {
std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}
// Music类:实现
Music::Music(const std::string &name_, const std::string &artist_): Publisher{name_}, artist{artist_} {
}
void Music::publish() const {
std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}
void Music::use() const {
std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}
点击查看publisher.hpp
点击查看task1.cpp
运行截图:

问题1:
(1)纯虚函数,virtual void publish() const = 0。
(2)不能,因为Publisher是抽象类。
问题2:
(1)纯虚函数,void publish() const override和void use() const override。
(2)如图:
问题3
(1)基类指针。
(2)Book、Film、Music。
(3)为了实现 “析构多态”避免内存泄漏,派生类的成员无法被正确释放,导致内存泄漏。
实验任务2
源代码
点击查看book.hpp
点击查看book.cpp
点击查看booksale.hpp
点击查看booksale.cpp
点击查看task2.cpp
运行截图

问题1
(1) 被重载了 2 处,分别用于Book类和BookSale类。
(2)cout << item.rb << '\n'和cout << t << endl。
问题2
(1)先定义比较函数compare_by_amount,返回x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount(),实现销售数量降序逻辑。调用标准库sort函数,传入容器首尾迭代器sales_lst.begin()和sales_lst.end(),并指定比较函数compare_by_amount,完成排序。
实验任务3
略
实验任务4
补全代码
点击查看pet.hpp
点击查看task4.cpp
运行截图:

实验任务5
完整代码
点击查看Complex.hpp点击查看task5.cpp运行截图:



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