统计学推荐书目
摘要:生物统计与实验设计-绪论 重点在于理解统计学含义而非掌握各种处理方法的细节,同时加入各种视角,无论在统计学还是生物学方面。 除统计学教材外,推荐了以下书籍: 其中, 女士品茶:经典统计学历史(客观),可以通过历史明白如今的统计学框架的来源,以此从人的角度理解它。 数理化通俗演义:故事格局和横向视角
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残差|分布与模型相对应
摘要:生物统计学-绪论 统计学是利用有效方法(简单和包含最多信息)来计划和分析带有随机影响(eg1:局部数据;eg2:残差:不能解释的误差)的数据的方法。其中有效方式是指实验设计和抽样理论。首先必须明确实验设计,它先明确问题(考虑影响和适用方法(eg,抽样理论)),再讨论(全面考虑相关因素),最后明确实验
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研究流程|相关非因果|概率论与统计的关系
摘要:应用统计学-绪论 为什么要统计? 因为事物存在随机性,没有随机性便没有统计。 统计学是对收集到的数据分析并解释的学科,具体流程如下图: 按照做研究的流程来看: 1.数据收集阶段,最为重要的是结合你所要研究的问题寻找统计学方法,在确定了这两点之后,再制定收集数据的方案。需要注意的是,统计数据量不可以过
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Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When σ Is Unknown|other
摘要:9.5 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When σ Is Unknown 使用t分布: What If the Assumptions Are Not Satisfied? 对于小size 和非正态分布sample: use a nonparam
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Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When σ Is Known
摘要:9.5 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When σ Is Known 使用z-test前提(同使用mean distribution之前的考虑) 在H0假设的同时需要说明significant level Statistical Significa
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P-Value
摘要:7.3 P-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing† 前面步骤同one mean 值,后面计算出H0所对应的概率即为p值,再用p值与significant level相比。 -(2.6+0.05)=-2.65 p值是假如H0假设正确的情况下,得到该值的概率,如果非常
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Critical-Value|Critical-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing
摘要:9.2 Critical-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing example: 对于mean 值 275 的假设: 有一个关于sample mean的distribution: 已知population 标准差和sample size=25的情况下: 标准型Z为
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Null Hypotheses| Alternative Hypotheses|Hypothesis Test|Significance Level|two tailed |one tailed|
摘要:9.1 The Nature of Hypothesis Testing Over the years, however, null hypothesis has come to mean simply a hypothesis to be tested. Null Hypothesis: H0:
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nonparametric method|One-Mean t-Interval Procedure|
摘要:8.4 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean When σ Is Unknown 原先是 standardized version of x bar: 当没有提供population 的标准差时,采用S(样本标准差作为population 标准差)
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Margin of Error|sample size and E
摘要:8.3 Margin of Error 由该公式可知: To improve the precision of the estimate, we need to decrease the margin of error, E. Because the sample size, n, occurs i
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confidence intervals and precision|The One-Mean z-Interval Procedure|When to Use the One-Mean z-Interval Procedure
摘要:Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean When σ Is Known Obtaining Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean When σ Is Known The z-interval proce
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Point Estimate|unbiased estimator|Confidence-Interval Estimate
摘要:8.1 Estimating a Population Mean Point Estimate estimate a single number, or point. 因为:the mean of the sample mean equals the population mean (μx¯ = μ
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The Mean of the Sample Mean|Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean|SE
摘要:7.2 The Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean Recall that the mean of a variable is denoted μ, subscripted if necessary with the letter repre
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Sampling Error|Sampling mean|population mean
摘要:7.1 Sampling Error; the Need for Sampling Distributions 样本均值的三种表达: Sampling distribution of the sample mean Distribution of the variable x¯ Distributi
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Normal Probability Plots|outlier
摘要:6.4 Assessing Normality; Normal Probability Plots The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normali
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68.26-95.44-99.74 rule|empirical rule
摘要:6.3 Working with Normally Distributed Variables As illustrated in the previous example, the 68.26-95.44-99.74 rule allows us to obtain useful informat
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z-scores|zα
摘要:6.2 Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve Property 4: Almost all the area under the standard normal curve lies between −3 and 3 Because the standard n
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Normally Distributed|
摘要:6.1Introducing Normally Distributed Variables Why the word “normal”? Because, in the last half of the nineteenth century,researchers discovered that i
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数理统计与概率论的关系
摘要:数理统计与概率论的关系: 统计学:根据手中信息,猜猜桶里有啥?(样本归纳总结出总体)(样本估计总体(该总体是已经存在的总体)) 概率论:根据桶中信息,猜猜手里有啥?(总体对样本进行预测)(总体预测样本(该样本是未来的样本)) 作者:猴子链接:https://www.zhihu.com/questio
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The General Addition Rule|complementation rule|special addition rule|
摘要:5.3 Some Rules of Probability 如图所示,AorB是所有蓝色区域,所以P(AorB)=PA+PB,但是若非互斥事件,则不能直接相加: If you think of the regions as probabilities, the entire region enclo
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