writing vocabulary

1. the necessity of ... has been discussed by the public in recent yeras. 
2. ... is valuable
3. leads to the decline of 
4. have extra time
5. are widely adotped
6. should be extinguished (abandoned) owing to 
7. be enhanced
8. according to some study in psychological science.
9. in long term
10. find a balance between A and B
11. top universities
12. are facing criticisms of privileges
13. applicants
14. top social classes
15. because of a lack of 
16. insufficient resources
17. are calling for the reform of evolution 
18. should be taken into account
19. implement these policies
20. disadvantaged background
21. a digital age
22. the access to the Internet
23. sustainable growth
24. the availability
25. can facilitate sth / sb doing sth
26. read for leisure
27. cost performance
28. the wisdom and courage
29. landmarks of cities
30. effectiveness
31. determined by the city size
32. it is plausible to maintain that 
33. outweigh the 
34. notion is biased
35. be willing to do
36. emotional feeling
37. prefer to do rather than
38. plenty of 
39. accessible
40. complementary
41. enrich sb's experience
42. technological progress
43. some maintain that ....
44. the emergence of ... 
45. a wide variety of 
46. broaden people's vision
47. by mass media
48. some negative impacts
49. sb should not be exposed to the immoral behaviors
50. supervision
51. factors
52. surveillance
53. contemporary
54. fairness
55. the outcome of interactions
56. have been recognized by people
57. genetic inheritance 
58. inadequate
59. research revealed
60. in crime
61. criminal activities
62. combination of 
63. influence
64. be banned
65. be facinated by a certain product
66. self-esteem will get hurt
67. prohibition 
68. unintentional / unintentionally.
69. regrettable
70. He is an advocate of global nuclear power
71. interfere with
72. intervene
73. distinctive sytle
74. be more influential
75. a wide coverage
76. essentially a combination of 
77. commercial
78. effective and practical
79. species extinction
80.  health of ecosystem
81. damage the sustainability of human civilisation
82. satisfaction of vanity
83. livestock
84. iron and zinc
85. micronutrients
86. irreplaceable 
87. vanishing process
88. are the prominent causes responsible for 
89. massive impacts
90. emotional absence
91. a quick work pace
92. entertainment activities. 
93. is featured by 
94. coastal city
95. inevitably influence 
96. reduce the companion of family members 
97. emotional attachments can not be met by their parents 
98. mainstream tradition
99. without the implementation and action 
100. adaptability
101. break-through innovations
102. social welfare and national wealth
103. result in global warming
104. a dynamic perspective
105. good qualification
106. exaggrate / overstate
107. could not help doing
108. celebrity
109. thoroughly
110. neurologists  ( 怒)// neuroscientist (牛)
111. discrimination 
112. introvert ///. extrovert
113. athlete
114. symptom
115. stereotype
116. legislation
117. expose yourself to smart people as many as possible. 
118. come up with
119. be frigntened 
120. lifelong learning
121. applause
122. barber
123. it is time saving.
124. think about it
125. byproduct
126. sb thrive on failed attempts.
127. mental fatigue 疲劳 (f 额 提 哥)
128. flatter (奉承) them. compliment
129. believe in yourself, comfort zone,  a lack of money, applause, truely awesome. 
130. comfortable and spacious
131. leading position
132. pass out
133. win high praise
134. contiguous
135. lightening strike (struck) 
136. apprentice
137. autonomous driving
138. time saving
139. think about
140. old and shabby
141. was born and raised
142. mellow out 放松
143. China is rich in heritage. 
144. a jealous  colleague
145. a versatile thing
146. take out a loan from bank
147. take out a mortgage from bank
148. fruits grows on the tree.
149. solid pay
150. be opposed to 
151. be immune to 
152. a once-in-a-lifetime experience

Advertisement

• companies need to tell their customers about their products
• Advertising is a key part of mordern business
• Advertising is a creative industry that employs many people
• advertisements inform us about the choices we have
• It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier
• we are persuaded to follow the latest trend
• children can easily be influenced by advertisements
• children put pressure on parents to buy them things
• Advertisers focus on selling a brand image
• Advertising should be regulated
• Unhealthy food should not be marketed in a way that attracts children
• Products that can be risk to health should display warnings
• It creates demand for products
• Governments should only censor false inoformation or products that are harmful

Animal rights

• Animals are used in important scientific research
• It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs
• Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge
• Many important medical discoveries involved with experiment on animals 
• he works on the anatomy of living animals that may be helpful to cardiac disease.
• The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused
• There are alternative methods of search
• The lives of animals should be repected
• Humans have no moral right(privilege) to do experiments on animals

Vegetarianism

• Vegetarians do not eat food that is produced by killing animals
• It is unnecessary to kill animals for food
• A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of disease like cancer
• vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet
• meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals

Positives of Zoos

• zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation
• they can help to protect endangered species
• Zoos provide job opportunities
• Zoos are educational, interesting and fun
• they are kept in cages or have limited space
• Some people believe that zoos are unethical
• We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit
• The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats

Cities

• People move to cities in search of job opportunities
• cities offer greater employment possibilities
• cities offer a higher standard of living
• People migrate to cities from countries
• Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays
• The living expenses are higher than rural areas
• Homelessness and poverty are common on cities
• Life in cities can be extremely stressful
• There are problems like traffic congestion and crime
• there is a lack of sense of belonging
• banning cars encourage people to walk or cycle
• People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier

Culture

• cultural preservation
• cultural identity
• is passed down to future generations
• a missed opportunity for cultural exchange
• broaden visitor's perspectives
• forster people's perspectives
• dynamic cultural environment
• prohibt teenagers from being outside
• is overly restrictive
• the challenges associated with youth behavior
• penalize well-behaved teenagers
• limit their independence
• adopt flexible guidelines
• parental guidance

Crime

• juvenile delinquency
• capital punishment
• The job of the polices is to catch criminals, ex-prisoner, offender, lawbreaker
• They must also prevent crime and make communities safer
• break the law
• community service
• punish serious offenders
• reform criminal
• who committed (commit) minor crimes
• become meaningful citizens, productive members
• clean street, tend public gardens, collect litters
• a sense of responsibility
• stable society.
• fair society
• deter (犯罪专用) criminals from assaulting (attacking others, hurting others )
• engage in the society
• to live a normal life
• ruin their reputation
• casting a long shadow on their careers
• receiving vocational training
• the negative impact on their lives
• violate laws repeatedly
• ingrained (戒不掉的)
• can not be modified
• illegal
• keep them in prison
• deprive them of their freedom
• a harsh penalty
• criminal offences on their record
• thief, robber, rapper, (theft, robbery, raping)
• feel isolated
• There should be an increase number of police officers on the streets
• The police should be in close with schools
• focus on young people who have dropped out of school
• These teenagers may become involved with gangs
• fines are used as punishment for minor crimals
• some criminals pose a threat to society
• They are put in prison to ensure the safety
• they make friends with other offenders
• Many prisioners re-offend when they are released
• reform.  prisioners should receive education of vocational training
• rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens
• moral values, social norm
•  capital punishment (死刑) deters crime
• commit offences
• It is a form of revenge
• innocent people could be wrongly executed
• crime rates are not reduced
• a violent culture
• we have no right to take another human life
• cost is avoided
• encourage revenge
• is a way to reform offenders
• offenders repay their community
• community service is not a sufficient punishment
• criminals should be locked up away from their vicitms
• This lead to fear of crime among the public
• the media report crime stories in order to increase their audience 

Travel

• rocket lanches
• eco-friendly transportation options

Education

• People with qualification are more likely to find work
• They can earn a higher salary
• They can contribute to the society
• education gives people knowledge and skills
• foreign institutions may offer better courses
• Many students want to attend a top university
• qualifications can open the door to better job opportunities
• Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs
• they become more independent
• the language barrier can be a problem
• technology can make lessons much more interesting
• people rely too much on computers
• technology is no substitude for a real teacher
• computers are not reliable
• Children often have to work from an early age
• people from deprived backgroud
• literacy rates are still low
• education is the key to improving the economy of these countries
• children need to have access to free shcooling
• governments should make education compulsory for all children
• they could invest money in schools
• this may lack social skills
• corporal punishment
• physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
• don't promote trust between children and adults
• creates an atmosphere of fear and anger
• advantages of streaming (分班)
• repetitive boring jobs are now done by machine
• pratical training
• a shortage of plumbers
• parents are not satisfied schools
• discipline problems can be avoided by home-schooling
• some families live in isolated areas with poor transport
• most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home
• children are spoiled
• due to a lack of discipline
• a positive working atmosphere
• punish disruptive students
• get better exam grades
• this is often for religious (religion) or cultural reasons
• high-level students may porgress faster
• lower level groups can befenits from a lower pace
• work at the right speed for their students
• damage self-esteem 
• lose motivation
• large classes are difficult to manage
• unstable family background 
• need a clear set of rules
• set a good example for students
• adult literacy program
• are trapped in cycles of poverty and low-skilled employment

Envrionment

• cause a problem known as greenhouse effect
• we can expect more extreme weather conditions
• is putting pressure on natural resources
• we are destroying wildlife habitats
• extinction of many species
• invest in renewable energy
• recycling
• governments should introduce laws to limit emissions from fatories
• the amount of household waste is growing
• consequences of dropping rubbish
• advocates
• opponents

Childhood 

• stay away from potential harm

• guidance is a responsibility
• ensure children's safety
• free from unnecessary setbacks
• analyze the mistake
• However, from my point of veiw, I think ....
• interfere with life.
• natural learning process
• provide a memorable lesson
• empathy and social norms
• foster dependency
• component of education in childhood
• social interactions
• inevitable
• take the privileges for granted without appreciating the need for contribution.

Technology

• people of all ages
• the numerous advantages
• substantial benefits
• few taps on the screen
• geographical distance
• the feelings of loneliness and isolation
• enrich their mind
• the elderly
• embrace the technologies
• robots take over a wide range of tasks
• it is a positive trend
• with high precision
• assemble products 24/7 without getting tired
• robotic vacuum cleaners
• innovative solutions
• job displacement
• increased productivity
• driverless cars
• automatic driving
• revolutionlize transportation
• widespread adoption
• autonomous driving
• utilize the travel time
• face recognition

Global problems

• global pandemics
• international conflicts
• establish unified strategies
• without such collaboration
• international involvement
• international cooperation
• certain urgent issues
• the extent of which international cooperation is necessary depends on the scope of problems

Social media

• genuine needs
• their widespread adoption is driven by clear utility rather than marketing

Government

• their involvement can be highly beneficial
• financial assistance
• enrich cultural identies
• is not highly commercialized
• years of dedication
• a strong work ethic
• individuals from wealthy families
• children, regardless of background
• be entirely neglected
• contaminated water
• lead to outbreaks of diseases
• infectious disease
• chronic issues
• lack of basic sanitation
• disease prevention
• reduce the burden on healthcare system

Society

• exposed to similar values
• foster empathy
• the dominance of global fashion
• preserve local cultures
• make the world monotonous
• monopolize
• aggressive marketing strageties
• launch awareness campaign
• the model could be adopoted by other countries
• a sustainable future
• high density urban living
• deprive children of easy access to fresh air
• is always overstated
• should not be underestimated
• Gini index
• pursuit of happiness is a fundamental human goal
• foster a stable society
• reduce social tension
• when everyone has access to education
• human happiness is derived from a complex factor
• income redistribution
• external socializing
  
• gender stereotypes
• women often bring unique strengths 
• rigorous standards
• gender diversity
• physical endurance
• diverse workforce
• the vast gap between the rich and the poor
• success is a concept varies from person to person
• gain knowledge, experience
• face with setbacks or failures
• have access to large libraries / basic healthcare / funding to grow / modern technology
• this tendency can be attributed to a variety of reasons
• provide mutual support
• long-lasting relationships with relativies
• family ties
• cosmetic treatments
• maintain a youthful appearance
• a negative phenomenon
• enhance self-esteem
• be addicted to 
• the broader impact of this trend is concerning

Adv

• firmly
• strogly
• deeply
• undeniably

Adj

• substantial
• numerous
• benefits are even more profound
• noticeable
• notable
• beneficial

模板

opinion
1 topic + opinion.... I completely agree that ... i completely disagree that./ while .... I believe is equally important
2 ... should be abandoned... in my opinion it is not worth the risk / proponents of focusing on ... argue that it is a more long-term investment.
3 ...... is better. I suggest / however, 
4 in conclusion / my view is that/ it would be unwise to reduce

 

discussion

1 topic... more important. while.... can be useful, i believe... that ... is more important
2 why a ... On the one hand ,..... 1） 2） 3) it can therefore be argued that .... A good
3 why b my view , on the other hand  1) 2) 3) this is the attitude that i believe ... ....

4. in my opinion...
4 in conclusion, i .... but it seems to me that ..... is much more desirable

problem & soloving
1 there are a variety of reasons for this and several stpes can be taken to tackle this problem. several measures can be taken
2 In my opinion, three main factors are to blame for ...
3 ... can certainly be improved. to demonstrate ... have consequences
4 In conclusion, ... face problems ... do sth to ....

2 questions
1 ... influenced by a variety of factors... answer q1. answer q2 In my opinion,
2 .... a range of considerations... when ... 1) 2) 3)
3 ... I believe ... I prefer ... volunteers. ....
4 in conclusion, .....

Line graph

• a small rise to ... 20 watt.. 
• fell to ...
• to a peak of ... 23 watt
• hrdroelectic power.
• a negligible amount.

Bar chart

• saw the biggest rises in sales
• double the numebr of ... 
• fell by ... 
• the other three top ... between 2001 and 2002 were A , B , C, those companies sold ...1 , 2 and 3 water respectively.
• A overtook B... in 2001
• rose slightly