映射

映射的定义

\(X, Y\) 均为集合,这两个集合的笛卡尔乘积的满足下述两个条件的子集,即 \(f \subseteq X \times Y\),称作映射:

  1. (存在性)\(\forall x \in X, \exists y \in Y\) 使得 \((x, y) \in f\)
  2. (唯一性)若 \((x, y_i) \in f \wedge (x, y_j) \in f\),则 \(y_i = y_j\)

映射记为 \(f: X \rightarrow Y\),其中,\(Y\) 集合中的元素 \(y\) 称为 \(X\) 集合中的元素 \(x\)\(f\) 下的象,\(x\) 称为原象

恒等映射的定义

\(X\) 为一个集合,\(f: X\rightarrow X\),若 \(\forall x \in X,\ f(x) = x\) 都成立,则称 \(f\)\(X\) 上的恒等映射,记作 \(I_X\)

映射相等的定义

\(X, Y\) 是两个集合,\(f, g: X \rightarrow Y\),若 \(\forall x \in X\),都有 \(f(x) = g(x)\),则称 \(f\)\(g\) 相等

有穷集合间的映射

\(X, Y\) 是两个集合,\(\vert X \vert = m, \vert Y \vert = n\)

  1. \(f: X \rightarrow Y\)\(f\) 是单射,则 \(m \le n\)
  2. \(f: X \rightarrow Y\)\(f\) 是满射,则 \(m \ge n\)
  3. \(f: X \rightarrow Y\)\(f\) 是双射,则 \(m = n\)
  4. \(f: X \rightarrow X\),则 \(f\) 是单射当且仅当 \(f\) 是满射当且仅当 \(f\) 是双射

抽屉原理

设有 \(n\) 个盒子与 \(n + 1\) 个物体,将 \(n + 1\) 个物体放到 \(n\) 个盒子中,至少有一个盒子放了两个物体

\(X, Y\) 是两个集合,\(X = \{ x_1, x_2, \cdots , x_m \}, Y = \{ y_1, y_2, \cdots , y_n \}, n < m\),则存在 $ x_1, x_2 \in X$ 使得 \(f(x_1) = f(x_2)\)

映射的一般性质

首先引入一些记号,若 \(f : X \rightarrow Y\)

  • \(A \subseteq X\),我们称 \(f(A) = \{ f(x) \mid x \in A \}\)\(A\)\(f\) 下的象集,即 \(y \in f(A) \Leftrightarrow \exists x \in A, y = f(x)\)
  • \(B \subseteq Y\),我们称 \(f^{-1}(B) = \{ x \mid f(x) \in B \}\)\(B\)\(f\) 下的原象集

关于原象集的定理

\(f: X \rightarrow Y, \ A, B \subseteq Y\),则

  1. \(f^{-1}(A \cap B) = f^{-1}(A) \cap f^{-1}(B)\)
  2. \(f^{-1}(A \cup B) = f^{-1}(A) \cup f^{-1}(B)\)
  3. \(f^{-1}(C_YA) = C_X(f^{-1}(A))\)
  4. \(f^{-1}(A \ \verb|\| \ B) = f^{-1}(A) \ \verb|\| \ f^{-1}(B)\)
  5. \(f^{-1}(A \Delta B) = f^{-1}(A) \Delta f^{-1}(B)\)

证明

(1) 证明 \(f^{-1}(A \cap B) = f^{-1}(A) \cap f^{-1}(B)\)
\(\because \ x \in f^{-1}(A \cap B)\)
\(\therefore \ f(x) \in A \cap B\)
\(\therefore \ f(x) \in A \wedge f(x) \in B\)
\(\therefore \ x \in f^{-1}(A) \wedge x \in f^{-1}(B)\)
\(\therefore \ x \in f^{-1}(A) \cap f^{-1}(B)\)
反之易证

(2) 证明 \(f^{-1}(C_YA) = C_X(f^{-1}(A))\)
\(\because \ x \in f^{-1}(C_YA)\)
\(\therefore \ f(x) \in C_YA\)
\(\therefore \ f(x) \in Y \wedge f(x) \notin A\)
\(\therefore \ x \in f^{-1}(Y) \wedge x \notin f^{-1}(A)\)
\(\therefore \ x \in C_X (f^{-1}(A))\)
反之易证

(3) 证明 \(f^{-1}(A \ \verb|\| \ B) = f^{-1}(A) \ \verb|\| \ f^{-1}(B)\)

\[\begin{matrix} f^{-1}(A \ \verb|\| \ B) &=& f^{-1}(C_A (A \cap B)) \\ &=& C_{f^{-1}(A)} (f^{-1}(A \cap B)) \\ &=& f^{-1}(A) \ \verb|\| \ f^{-1}(A \cap B) \\ &=& f^{-1}(A) \ \verb|\| \ (f^{-1}(A) \cap f^{-1}(B)) \\ &=& f^{-1}(A) \ \verb|\| \ f^{-1}(B) \end{matrix} \]

(4) 证明 \(f^{-1}(A \Delta B) = f^{-1}(A) \Delta f^{-1}(B)\)

\[\begin{matrix} f^{-1}(A \Delta B) &=& f^{-1}((A\cup B) \ \verb|\| \ (A \cap B) ) \\ &=& f^{-1}(A \cup B) \ \verb|\| \ f^{-1}(A \cap B) \\ &=& (f^{-1}(A) \cup f^{-1}(B)) \ \verb|\| \ (f^{-1}(A) \cap f^{-1}(B)) \\ &=& f^{-1}(A) \Delta f^{-1}(B) \end{matrix} \]

关于象集的定理

\(f:X \rightarrow Y, \ A, B \subseteq X\),则

  1. \(f(A \cup B) = f(A) \cup f(B)\)
  2. \(f(A \cap B) \subseteq f(A) \cap f(B)\)
  3. \(f(A \Delta B) \supseteq f(A) \Delta f(B)\)

证明

证明 \(f(A \cap B) \subseteq f(A) \cap f(B)\)
\(\because \ y \in f(A \cap B)\)
\(\therefore \ \exists x \in A \cap B, y = f(x)\)
\(\therefore \ \exists x \in A, y =f(x) \wedge \exists x \in B, y = f(x)\)
\(\therefore \ y \in f(A) \wedge y \in f(B)\)
\(\therefore \ y \in f(A) \cap f(B)\)

映射的合成

定义

\(f: X \rightarrow Y, g: Y \rightarrow Z\),则把 \(f\)\(g\) 的合成定义为 \(h:X \rightarrow Z\),记作 \(g \circ f\),即 \(\forall x \in X, h(x) = g(f(x))\)

合成运算的性质

结合律

\(f: X \rightarrow Y, g: Y \rightarrow Z, h:Z \rightarrow W\),则 \(h \circ (g \circ f) = (h \circ g) \circ f\)

【证明】
即证:\(\forall x \in X, h \circ (g \circ f)(x) = (h \circ g) \circ f(x)\)

\[\begin{matrix} h \circ (g \circ f)(x) &=& h((g \circ f) (x)) \\ &=& h(g(f(x))) \\ (h \circ g) \circ f(x) &=& (h \circ g)(f(x)) \\ &=& h(g(f(x))) \end{matrix} \]

\(\therefore \ h \circ (g \circ f)(x) = (h \circ g) \circ f(x)\)

单射满射双射的保持

\(f: X \rightarrow Y, g: Y \rightarrow Z\),则

  1. \(f, g \ are \ injective \Leftrightarrow g \circ f \ is \ injective\)
  2. \(f, g \ are \ surjective \Leftrightarrow g \circ f \ is \ surjective\)
  3. \(f, g \ are \ bijective \Rightarrow g \circ f \ is \ bijective\)
  4. \(g \circ f \ is \ bijective \Rightarrow f \ is \ injective, g \ is \ surjective\)

逆映射

逆映射定义

\(f: X \rightarrow Y\),若 \(\exists g: Y \rightarrow X\) 使得 \(g \circ f = I_X\)\(f \circ g = I_Y\),则称 \(g\)\(f\) 的逆映射

左逆映射的定义

\(f: X \rightarrow Y\),若存在 \(g : Y \rightarrow X\) 使得 \(g \circ f = I_X\),则称 \(f\) 是左可逆的,\(g\) 就是其左逆映射。可见映射左可逆的充要条件是该映射为单射

定理

【存在性】
\(f: X \rightarrow Y\) 可逆 \(\Leftrightarrow f\) 是双射

【唯一性】
\(f: X\rightarrow Y\) 且为双射,则 \(f\) 可逆,且其逆唯一,记作 \(f^{-1}\)

【穿脱过程】
\(f: X \rightarrow Y, g: Y \rightarrow Z\),则 \((f^{-1})^{-1} = f, \ (g \circ f)^{-1} = f^{-1} \circ g^{-1}\)

posted @ 2020-03-20 20:44  问李白买酒  阅读(1018)  评论(0)    收藏  举报