ThreadLocal原理解析

ThreadLocal源码分析

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.lang;
import java.lang.ref.*;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.function.Supplier;

/**
 * @author  Josh Bloch and Doug Lea
 * @since   1.2
 */
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
    /**
     * ThreadLocals rely on per-thread linear-probe hash maps attached
     * to each thread (Thread.threadLocals and
     * inheritableThreadLocals).  The ThreadLocal objects act as keys,
     * searched via threadLocalHashCode.  This is a custom hash code
     * (useful only within ThreadLocalMaps) that eliminates collisions
     * in the common case where consecutively constructed ThreadLocals
     * are used by the same threads, while remaining well-behaved in
     * less common cases.
     */
    private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();

    /**
     * The next hash code to be given out. Updated atomically. Starts at
     * zero.
     */
    private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =
        new AtomicInteger();

    /**
     * The difference between successively generated hash codes - turns
     * implicit sequential thread-local IDs into near-optimally spread
     * multiplicative hash values for power-of-two-sized tables.
     */
    private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;

    /**
     * Returns the next hash code.
     */
    private static int nextHashCode() {
        return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current thread's "initial value" for this
     * thread-local variable.  This method will be invoked the first
     * time a thread accesses the variable with the {@link #get}
     * method, unless the thread previously invoked the {@link #set}
     * method, in which case the {@code initialValue} method will not
     * be invoked for the thread.  Normally, this method is invoked at
     * most once per thread, but it may be invoked again in case of
     * subsequent invocations of {@link #remove} followed by {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>This implementation simply returns {@code null}; if the
     * programmer desires thread-local variables to have an initial
     * value other than {@code null}, {@code ThreadLocal} must be
     * subclassed, and this method overridden.  Typically, an
     * anonymous inner class will be used.
     *
     * @return the initial value for this thread-local
     */
    protected T initialValue() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread local variable. The initial value of the variable is
     * determined by invoking the {@code get} method on the {@code Supplier}.
     *
     * @param <S> the type of the thread local's value
     * @param supplier the supplier to be used to determine the initial value
     * @return a new thread local variable
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified supplier is null
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static <S> ThreadLocal<S> withInitial(Supplier<? extends S> supplier) {
        return new SuppliedThreadLocal<>(supplier);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread local variable.
     * @see #withInitial(java.util.function.Supplier)
     */
    public ThreadLocal() {
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
     * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
     * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
     * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
     *
     * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
     */
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

    /**
     * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
     * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
     *
     * @return the initial value
     */
    private T setInitialValue() {
        T value = initialValue();
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
     * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
     * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
     * method to set the values of thread-locals.
     *
     * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
     *        this thread-local.
     */
    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
     * variable.  If this thread-local variable is subsequently
     * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
     * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
     * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
     * in the interim.  This may result in multiple invocations of the
     * {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
     public void remove() {
         ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
         if (m != null)
             m.remove(this);
     }

    /**
     * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param  t the current thread
     * @return the map
     */
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }

    /**
     * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param t the current thread
     * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
     */
    void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
        t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
    }

    /**
     * Factory method to create map of inherited thread locals.
     * Designed to be called only from Thread constructor.
     *
     * @param  parentMap the map associated with parent thread
     * @return a map containing the parent's inheritable bindings
     */
    static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
        return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
    }

    /**
     * Method childValue is visibly defined in subclass
     * InheritableThreadLocal, but is internally defined here for the
     * sake of providing createInheritedMap factory method without
     * needing to subclass the map class in InheritableThreadLocal.
     * This technique is preferable to the alternative of embedding
     * instanceof tests in methods.
     */
    T childValue(T parentValue) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    /**
     * An extension of ThreadLocal that obtains its initial value from
     * the specified {@code Supplier}.
     */
    static final class SuppliedThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {

        private final Supplier<? extends T> supplier;

        SuppliedThreadLocal(Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
            this.supplier = Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
        }

        @Override
        protected T initialValue() {
            return supplier.get();
        }
    }

    /**
     * ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
     * maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
     * outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
     * allow declaration of fields in class Thread.  To help deal with
     * very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
     * WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
     * used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
     * the table starts running out of space.
     */
    static class ThreadLocalMap {
     //类似于HASHMAP实现
    }
}

• get()方法：
• set()方法：
• remove()方法：
• initialValue()方法:默认初始值的方法，子类可以实现

ThreadLocal解决的问题

• 线程内共享变量的传递问题（session中的用户登录等信息）
  没有ThreadLocal的时候，一个线程在其声明周期内，可能穿过多个层级，多个方法，如果有个对象需要在此线程周期内多次调用，且是跨层级的（线程内共享），通常的做法是通过参数进行传递；而ThreadLocal将变量绑定在线程上，在一个线程周期内，无论“你身处何地”，只需通过其提供的get方法就可轻松获取到对象。极大地提高了对于“线程级变量”的访问便利性。
• 单例中有状态对象的线程安全问题（spring中的模板类的数据库连接的事务控制问题）
  
  如果没有Threadlocal,Dao单例对象只能用同步锁的方式来控制连接对象的事务开启和提交的原子性操作，这大大影响了系统的并发性能，用了ThreadLocal后，在每个线程内都会维护一个connecttion对象，这样不同线程的事务操作就隔离开了，主要用了用空间换取时间的理念。

ThreadLocal的原理

ThreadLocal内部是如何为每一个线程维护变量副本的呢？
在ThreadLocal类中有一个静态内部类ThreadLocalMap(概念上类似于Map)，用键值对的形式存储每一个线程的变量副本，ThreadLocalMap中元素的key为当前ThreadLocal对象，而value对应线程的变量副本，每个线程可能存在多个ThreadLocal。

ThreadLocal的几个问题

• 为什么不以线程ID为threadLocalMap中的key值？
  因为threadLocalMap是跟线程绑定的，一个线程对应一个ThreadLocalMap,里面可以存储多个ThreadLocal,如果用线程ID作为KEY值，那就只能存储一个键值对啦！
• ThreadLocal的内存泄漏问题
  首先要理解内存泄露（memory leak）和内存溢出（out of memory）的区别。内存溢出是因为在内存中创建了大量在引用的对象，导致后续再申请内存时没有足够的内存空间供其使用。内存泄露是指程序申请完内存后，无法释放已申请的内存空间，（不再使用的对象或者变量仍占内存空间）。
  根据上面Entry方法的源码，我们知道ThreadLocalMap是使用ThreadLocal的弱引用作为Key的。下图是本文介绍到的一些对象之间的引用关系图，实线表示强引用，虚线表示弱引用：
  

threadLocalMap设计时的对上面问题的对策：
当我们仔细读过ThreadLocalMap的源码，我们可以推断，如果在使用的ThreadLocal的过程中，显式地进行remove是个很好的编码习惯，这样是不会引起内存泄漏。
那么如果没有显式地进行remove呢？只能说如果对应线程之后调用ThreadLocal的get和set方法都有很高的概率会顺便清理掉无效对象，断开value强引用，从而大对象被收集器回收。

但无论如何，我们应该考虑到何时调用ThreadLocal的remove方法。一个比较熟悉的场景就是对于一个请求一个线程的server如tomcat，在代码中对web api作一个切面，存放一些如用户名等用户信息，在连接点方法结束后，再显式调用remove。