筷子与饺子
Published on 2019-11-11 04:08 in 暂未分类 with 筷子与饺子

IoU与非极大值抑制(NMS)的理解与实现

1. IoU(区域交并比)

计算IoU的公式如下图,可以看到IoU是一个比值,即交并比。

在分子中,我们计算预测框和ground-truth之间的重叠区域;

分母是并集区域,或者更简单地说,是预测框和ground-truth所包含的总区域。

重叠区域和并集区域的比值,就是IoU。

 

 

 

 

1.1 为什么使用IoU来评估目标检测器

与分类任务不同,我们预测的bounding box的坐标需要去匹配ground-truth的坐标,而坐标完全匹配基本是不现实的。因此,我们需要定义一个评估指标,奖励那些与ground-truth匹配较好(重叠较大)的预测框。

1.2 IoU的python实现

 1  def bb_intersection_over_union(boxA, boxB):
 2    # determine the (x, y)-coordinates of the intersection rectangle
 3    # 画个图会很明显,x左、y上取大的,x右、y下取小的,刚好对应交集
 4    xA = max(boxA[0], boxB[0])
 5    yA = max(boxA[1], boxB[1])
 6    xB = min(boxA[2], boxB[2])
 7    yB = min(boxA[3], boxB[3])
 8  9    # compute the area of intersection rectangle
10    # 计算交集部分面积
11    interArea = max(0, xB - xA + 1) * max(0, yB - yA + 1)
12 13    # compute the area of both the prediction and ground-truth rectangles
14    # 计算预测值和真实值的面积
15    boxAArea = (boxA[2] - boxA[0] + 1) * (boxA[3] - boxA[1] + 1)
16    boxBArea = (boxB[2] - boxB[0] + 1) * (boxB[3] - boxB[1] + 1)
17 18    # compute the intersection over union by taking the intersection
19    # area and dividing it by the sum of prediction + ground-truth
20    # areas - the interesection area
21    # 计算IoU,即 交/(A+B-交)
22    iou = interArea / float(boxAArea + boxBArea - interArea)
23 24    # return the intersection over union value
25    return iou

 

2. 非极大化抑制(NMS)

2.1 算法思想

所谓非极大值抑制:先假设有6个输出的矩形框(即proposal_clip_box),根据分类器类别分类概率做排序,从小到大分别属于车辆的概率(scores)分别为A、B、C、D、E、F。

(1)从最大概率矩形框F开始,分别判断A~E与F的重叠度IOU是否大于某个设定的阈值;

(2)假设B、D与F的重叠度超过阈值,那么就扔掉B、D;并标记第一个矩形框F,是我们保留下来的。

(3)从剩下的矩形框A、C、E中,选择概率最大的E,然后判断E与A、C的重叠度,重叠度大于一定的阈值,那么就扔掉;并标记E是我们保留下来的第二个矩形框。 就这样一直重复,找到所有被保留下来的矩形框。

 

 

 如上图F与BD重合度较大,可以去除BD。AE重合度较大,我们删除A,保留scores较大的E。C和其他重叠都小保留C。最终留下了C、E、F三个。

2.2 python实现

1.无条件保留置信度最高的框;

2.删除与保留框IOU大于阈值的候选框;

 1 # --------------------------------------------------------
 2 # Fast R-CNN
 3 # Copyright (c) 2015 Microsoft
 4 # Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details]
 5 # Written by Ross Girshick
 6 # --------------------------------------------------------
 7 
 8 import numpy as np
 9 
10 def py_cpu_nms(dets, thresh):
11     """Pure Python NMS baseline."""
12     x1 = dets[:, 0]
13     y1 = dets[:, 1]
14     x2 = dets[:, 2]
15     y2 = dets[:, 3]
16     scores = dets[:, 4]
17 
18     areas = (x2 - x1 + 1) * (y2 - y1 + 1)
19     order = scores.argsort()[::-1]
20 
21     keep = []
22     while order.size > 0:
23         i = order[0]
24         keep.append(i)
25         xx1 = np.maximum(x1[i], x1[order[1:]])
26         yy1 = np.maximum(y1[i], y1[order[1:]])
27         xx2 = np.minimum(x2[i], x2[order[1:]])
28         yy2 = np.minimum(y2[i], y2[order[1:]])
29 
30         w = np.maximum(0.0, xx2 - xx1 + 1)
31         h = np.maximum(0.0, yy2 - yy1 + 1)
32         inter = w * h
33         ovr = inter / (areas[i] + areas[order[1:]] - inter)
34 
35         inds = np.where(ovr <= thresh)[0]
36         order = order[inds + 1]
37 
38     return keep

 

3. soft-NMS

soft NMS提出尤其对密集物体检测的检测效果有一定的提升作用

绝大部分目标检测方法,最后都要用到 NMS-非极大值抑制进行后处理。 通常的做法是将检测框按得分排序,然后保留得分最高的框,同时删除与该框重叠面积大于一定比例的其它框。

这种贪心式方法存在如下图所示的问题: 红色框和绿色框是当前的检测结果,二者的得分分别是0.95和0.80。如果按照传统的NMS进行处理,首先选中得分最高的红色框,然后绿色框就会因为与之重叠面积过大而被删掉。

另一方面,NMS的阈值也不太容易确定,设小了会出现下图的情况(绿色框因为和红色框重叠面积较大而被删掉),设置过高又容易增大误检。

 

 

 soft NMS算法的大致思路为:M为当前得分最高框,bi 为待处理框,bi 和M的IOU越大,bi 的得分si 就下降的越厉害。

算法结构如图所示:

 

 

 

NMS中:

soft NMS中:

(1)线性加权:

(2)高斯加权:

soft NMS仍然有问题:其阈值仍然需要手工设定

soft nms 代码实现:

# coding:utf-8
import numpy as np
def soft_nms(boxes, sigma=0.5, Nt=0.1, threshold=0.001, method=1):
    N = boxes.shape[0]
    pos = 0
    maxscore = 0
    maxpos = 0

    for i in range(N):
        maxscore = boxes[i, 4]
        maxpos = i

        tx1 = boxes[i,0]
        ty1 = boxes[i,1]
        tx2 = boxes[i,2]
        ty2 = boxes[i,3]
        ts = boxes[i,4]

        pos = i + 1
    # get max box
        while pos < N:
            if maxscore < boxes[pos, 4]:
                maxscore = boxes[pos, 4]
                maxpos = pos
            pos = pos + 1

    # add max box as a detection
        boxes[i,0] = boxes[maxpos,0]
        boxes[i,1] = boxes[maxpos,1]
        boxes[i,2] = boxes[maxpos,2]
        boxes[i,3] = boxes[maxpos,3]
        boxes[i,4] = boxes[maxpos,4]

    # swap ith box with position of max box
        boxes[maxpos,0] = tx1
        boxes[maxpos,1] = ty1
        boxes[maxpos,2] = tx2
        boxes[maxpos,3] = ty2
        boxes[maxpos,4] = ts

        tx1 = boxes[i,0]
        ty1 = boxes[i,1]
        tx2 = boxes[i,2]
        ty2 = boxes[i,3]
        ts = boxes[i,4]

        pos = i + 1
    # NMS iterations, note that N changes if detection boxes fall below threshold
        while pos < N:
            x1 = boxes[pos, 0]
            y1 = boxes[pos, 1]
            x2 = boxes[pos, 2]
            y2 = boxes[pos, 3]
            s = boxes[pos, 4]

            area = (x2 - x1 + 1) * (y2 - y1 + 1)
            iw = (min(tx2, x2) - max(tx1, x1) + 1)
            if iw > 0:
                ih = (min(ty2, y2) - max(ty1, y1) + 1)
                if ih > 0:
                    ua = float((tx2 - tx1 + 1) * (ty2 - ty1 + 1) + area - iw * ih)
                    ov = iw * ih / ua #iou between max box and detection box

                    if method == 1: # linear
                        if ov > Nt:
                            weight = 1 - ov
                        else:
                            weight = 1
                    elif method == 2: # gaussian
                        weight = np.exp(-(ov * ov)/sigma)
                    else: # original NMS
                        if ov > Nt:
                            weight = 0
                        else:
                            weight = 1

                    boxes[pos, 4] = weight*boxes[pos, 4]
                    print(boxes[:, 4])

            # if box score falls below threshold, discard the box by swapping with last box
            # update N
                    if boxes[pos, 4] < threshold:
                        boxes[pos,0] = boxes[N-1, 0]
                        boxes[pos,1] = boxes[N-1, 1]
                        boxes[pos,2] = boxes[N-1, 2]
                        boxes[pos,3] = boxes[N-1, 3]
                        boxes[pos,4] = boxes[N-1, 4]
                        N = N - 1
                        pos = pos - 1

            pos = pos + 1
    keep = [i for i in range(N)]
    return keep
boxes = np.array([[100, 100, 150, 168, 0.63],[166, 70, 312, 190, 0.55],[221, 250, 389, 500, 0.79],[12, 190, 300, 399, 0.9],[28, 130, 134, 302, 0.3]])
keep = soft_nms(boxes)
print(keep)

 

参考链接:

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/47189358

https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/70768666

https://blog.csdn.net/leviopku/article/details/80886386

posted @ 2019-12-12 11:13  筷子与饺子  阅读(3225)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报