python语法31[keywords+builtins+modules]
一 使用如下代码将keywords+builtins+modules输出到文件
import sys
def stdoutToFile(filename, function, args ):
oldStdout = sys.stdout
f = open(filename, "w" )
sys.stdout = f
function(args)
#sys.stdout.flush()
#f.close()
sys.stdout = oldStdout
if __name__=='__main__':
print("modules")
stdoutToFile("modules.txt", help, "modules")
print("builtins")
stdoutToFile("builtins.txt", help, "builtins")
print("keywords")
stdoutToFile("keyword.txt", help, "keywords")
def stdoutToFile(filename, function, args ):
oldStdout = sys.stdout
f = open(filename, "w" )
sys.stdout = f
function(args)
#sys.stdout.flush()
#f.close()
sys.stdout = oldStdout
if __name__=='__main__':
print("modules")
stdoutToFile("modules.txt", help, "modules")
print("builtins")
stdoutToFile("builtins.txt", help, "builtins")
print("keywords")
stdoutToFile("keyword.txt", help, "keywords")
但是此代码中有个问题，modules和keywords会输出到同一个文件。为什么？？？
二 keywords
help("keywords")
关键字：
Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help.
and elif import return
as else in try
assert except is while
break finally lambda with
class for not yield
continue from or
def global pass
del if raise
and elif import return
as else in try
assert except is while
break finally lambda with
class for not yield
continue from or
def global pass
del if raise
三 builtins
help("builtins")
内置类型：
builtin class
CLASSES
object
BaseException
Exception
ArithmeticError
FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BufferError
EOFError
EnvironmentError
IOError
OSError
WindowsError
ImportError
LookupError
IndexError
KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
NotImplementedError
StopIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
Warning
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
GeneratorExit
KeyboardInterrupt
SystemExit
bytearray
bytes
classmethod
complex
dict
enumerate
filter
float
frozenset
int
bool
list
map
memoryview
property
range
reversed
set
slice
staticmethod
str
super
tuple
type
zip
CLASSES
object
BaseException
Exception
ArithmeticError
FloatingPointError
OverflowError
ZeroDivisionError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BufferError
EOFError
EnvironmentError
IOError
OSError
WindowsError
ImportError
LookupError
IndexError
KeyError
MemoryError
NameError
UnboundLocalError
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
NotImplementedError
StopIteration
SyntaxError
IndentationError
TabError
SystemError
TypeError
ValueError
UnicodeError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
Warning
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
FutureWarning
ImportWarning
PendingDeprecationWarning
RuntimeWarning
SyntaxWarning
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
GeneratorExit
KeyboardInterrupt
SystemExit
bytearray
bytes
classmethod
complex
dict
enumerate
filter
float
frozenset
int
bool
list
map
memoryview
property
range
reversed
set
slice
staticmethod
str
super
tuple
type
zip
内置函数：
FUNCTIONS
__build_class__(...)
__build_class__(func, name, *bases, metaclass=None, **kwds) -> class
Internal helper function used by the class statement.
__import__(...)
__import__(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=[], level=-1) -> module
Import a module. The globals are only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals are currently unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an
empty list to emulate ``import name''.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. Level is used to determine whether to perform
absolute or relative imports. -1 is the original strategy of attempting
both absolute and relative imports, 0 is absolute, a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.
abs(...)
abs(number) -> number
Return the absolute value of the argument.
all(...)
all(iterable) -> bool
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.
any(...)
any(iterable) -> bool
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.
ascii(...)
ascii(object) -> string
As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \x, \u or \U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.
bin(...)
bin(number) -> string
Return the binary representation of an integer or long integer.
chr(...)
chr(i) -> Unicode character
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.
If 0x10000 <= i, a surrogate pair is returned.
compile(...)
compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object
Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression)
into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.
delattr(...)
delattr(object, name)
Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to
``del x.y''.
dir(...)
dir([object]) -> list of strings
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
divmod(...)
divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod)
Return the tuple ((x-x%y)/y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.
eval(...)
eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value
Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
exec(...)
exec(object[, globals[, locals]])
Read and execute code from a object, which can be a string or a code
object.
The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current
globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
format(...)
format(value[, format_spec]) -> string
Returns value.__format__(format_spec)
format_spec defaults to ""
getattr(...)
getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
globals(...)
globals() -> dictionary
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
hasattr(...)
hasattr(object, name) -> bool
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
(This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.)
hash(...)
hash(object) -> integer
Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have
the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely.
hex(...)
hex(number) -> string
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer.
id(...)
id(object) -> integer
Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among
simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.)
input(...)
input([prompt]) -> string
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given,
is printed without a trailing newline before reading.
isinstance(...)
isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type.
The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for
isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.).
issubclass(...)
issubclass(C, B) -> bool
Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B.
When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)),
is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.).
iter(...)
iter(iterable) -> iterator
iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator
Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must
supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
len(...)
len(object) -> integer
Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping.
locals(...)
locals() -> dictionary
Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
max(...)
max(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
max(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its largest item.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min(...)
min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
min(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
next(...)
next(iterator[, default])
Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator
is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.
oct(...)
oct(number) -> string
Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer.
open(...)
Open file and return a stream. Raise IOError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems,
means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the
current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the
encoding used is platform dependent. (For reading and writing raw
bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available
modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
'U' universal newline mode (for backwards compatibility; unneeded
for new code)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. By
default full buffering is on. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only
allowed in binary mode), 1 to set line buffering, and an integer > 1
for full buffering.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register for a list of the permitted
encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '', no translation takes place. If newline is any of the
other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated to
the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
ord(...)
ord(c) -> integer
Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string.
A valid surrogate pair is also accepted.
pow(...)
pow(x, y[, z]) -> number
With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments,
equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs).
print(...)
print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
repr(...)
repr(object) -> string
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object.
round(...)
round(number[, ndigits]) -> number
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
This returns an int when called with one argument, otherwise the
same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
setattr(...)
setattr(object, name, value)
Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to
``x.y = v''.
sorted(...)
sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False) --> new sorted list
sum(...)
sum(iterable[, start]) -> value
Returns the sum of an iterable of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value
of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). When the iterable is
empty, returns start.
vars(...)
vars([object]) -> dictionary
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
__build_class__(...)
__build_class__(func, name, *bases, metaclass=None, **kwds) -> class
Internal helper function used by the class statement.
__import__(...)
__import__(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=[], level=-1) -> module
Import a module. The globals are only used to determine the context;
they are not modified. The locals are currently unused. The fromlist
should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an
empty list to emulate ``import name''.
When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...)
returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when
fromlist is not empty. Level is used to determine whether to perform
absolute or relative imports. -1 is the original strategy of attempting
both absolute and relative imports, 0 is absolute, a positive number
is the number of parent directories to search relative to the current module.
abs(...)
abs(number) -> number
Return the absolute value of the argument.
all(...)
all(iterable) -> bool
Return True if bool(x) is True for all values x in the iterable.
any(...)
any(iterable) -> bool
Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.
ascii(...)
ascii(object) -> string
As repr(), return a string containing a printable representation of an
object, but escape the non-ASCII characters in the string returned by
repr() using \x, \u or \U escapes. This generates a string similar
to that returned by repr() in Python 2.
bin(...)
bin(number) -> string
Return the binary representation of an integer or long integer.
chr(...)
chr(i) -> Unicode character
Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.
If 0x10000 <= i, a surrogate pair is returned.
compile(...)
compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object
Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression)
into a code object that can be executed by exec() or eval().
The filename will be used for run-time error messages.
The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a
single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression.
The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence
the compilation of the code.
The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting
the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling
compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation,
in addition to any features explicitly specified.
delattr(...)
delattr(object, name)
Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to
``del x.y''.
dir(...)
dir([object]) -> list of strings
If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.
Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.
If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise
the default dir() logic is used and returns:
for a module object: the module's attributes.
for a class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes
of its bases.
for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and
recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.
divmod(...)
divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod)
Return the tuple ((x-x%y)/y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.
eval(...)
eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value
Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals.
The source may be a string representing a Python expression
or a code object as returned by compile().
The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mapping,
defaulting to the current globals and locals.
If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
exec(...)
exec(object[, globals[, locals]])
Read and execute code from a object, which can be a string or a code
object.
The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current
globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.
format(...)
format(value[, format_spec]) -> string
Returns value.__format__(format_spec)
format_spec defaults to ""
getattr(...)
getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value
Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y.
When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't
exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.
globals(...)
globals() -> dictionary
Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.
hasattr(...)
hasattr(object, name) -> bool
Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name.
(This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.)
hash(...)
hash(object) -> integer
Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have
the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely.
hex(...)
hex(number) -> string
Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer.
id(...)
id(object) -> integer
Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among
simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.)
input(...)
input([prompt]) -> string
Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped.
If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError.
On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given,
is printed without a trailing newline before reading.
isinstance(...)
isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type.
The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for
isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.).
issubclass(...)
issubclass(C, B) -> bool
Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B.
When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)),
is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.).
iter(...)
iter(iterable) -> iterator
iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator
Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must
supply its own iterator, or be a sequence.
In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.
len(...)
len(object) -> integer
Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping.
locals(...)
locals() -> dictionary
Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.
max(...)
max(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
max(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its largest item.
With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.
min(...)
min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value
min(a, b, c, ...[, key=func]) -> value
With a single iterable argument, return its smallest item.
With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.
next(...)
next(iterator[, default])
Return the next item from the iterator. If default is given and the iterator
is exhausted, it is returned instead of raising StopIteration.
oct(...)
oct(number) -> string
Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer.
open(...)
Open file and return a stream. Raise IOError upon failure.
file is either a text or byte string giving the name (and the path
if the file isn't in the current working directory) of the file to
be opened or an integer file descriptor of the file to be
wrapped. (If a file descriptor is given, it is closed when the
returned I/O object is closed, unless closefd is set to False.)
mode is an optional string that specifies the mode in which the file
is opened. It defaults to 'r' which means open for reading in text
mode. Other common values are 'w' for writing (truncating the file if
it already exists), and 'a' for appending (which on some Unix systems,
means that all writes append to the end of the file regardless of the
current seek position). In text mode, if encoding is not specified the
encoding used is platform dependent. (For reading and writing raw
bytes use binary mode and leave encoding unspecified.) The available
modes are:
========= ===============================================================
Character Meaning
--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
'r' open for reading (default)
'w' open for writing, truncating the file first
'a' open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists
'b' binary mode
't' text mode (default)
'+' open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
'U' universal newline mode (for backwards compatibility; unneeded
for new code)
========= ===============================================================
The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
access, the mode 'w+b' opens and truncates the file to 0 bytes, while
'r+b' opens the file without truncation.
Python distinguishes between files opened in binary and text modes,
even when the underlying operating system doesn't. Files opened in
binary mode (appending 'b' to the mode argument) return contents as
bytes objects without any decoding. In text mode (the default, or when
't' is appended to the mode argument), the contents of the file are
returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy. By
default full buffering is on. Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only
allowed in binary mode), 1 to set line buffering, and an integer > 1
for full buffering.
encoding is the name of the encoding used to decode or encode the
file. This should only be used in text mode. The default encoding is
platform dependent, but any encoding supported by Python can be
passed. See the codecs module for the list of supported encodings.
errors is an optional string that specifies how encoding errors are to
be handled---this argument should not be used in binary mode. Pass
'strict' to raise a ValueError exception if there is an encoding error
(the default of None has the same effect), or pass 'ignore' to ignore
errors. (Note that ignoring encoding errors can lead to data loss.)
See the documentation for codecs.register for a list of the permitted
encoding error strings.
newline controls how universal newlines works (it only applies to text
mode). It can be None, '', '\n', '\r', and '\r\n'. It works as
follows:
* On input, if newline is None, universal newlines mode is
enabled. Lines in the input can end in '\n', '\r', or '\r\n', and
these are translated into '\n' before being returned to the
caller. If it is '', universal newline mode is enabled, but line
endings are returned to the caller untranslated. If it has any of
the other legal values, input lines are only terminated by the given
string, and the line ending is returned to the caller untranslated.
* On output, if newline is None, any '\n' characters written are
translated to the system default line separator, os.linesep. If
newline is '', no translation takes place. If newline is any of the
other legal values, any '\n' characters written are translated to
the given string.
If closefd is False, the underlying file descriptor will be kept open
when the file is closed. This does not work when a file name is given
and must be True in that case.
open() returns a file object whose type depends on the mode, and
through which the standard file operations such as reading and writing
are performed. When open() is used to open a file in a text mode ('w',
'r', 'wt', 'rt', etc.), it returns a TextIOWrapper. When used to open
a file in a binary mode, the returned class varies: in read binary
mode, it returns a BufferedReader; in write binary and append binary
modes, it returns a BufferedWriter, and in read/write mode, it returns
a BufferedRandom.
It is also possible to use a string or bytearray as a file for both
reading and writing. For strings StringIO can be used like a file
opened in a text mode, and for bytes a BytesIO can be used like a file
opened in a binary mode.
ord(...)
ord(c) -> integer
Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string.
A valid surrogate pair is also accepted.
pow(...)
pow(x, y[, z]) -> number
With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments,
equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs).
print(...)
print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
repr(...)
repr(object) -> string
Return the canonical string representation of the object.
For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object.
round(...)
round(number[, ndigits]) -> number
Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
This returns an int when called with one argument, otherwise the
same type as the number. ndigits may be negative.
setattr(...)
setattr(object, name, value)
Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to
``x.y = v''.
sorted(...)
sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False) --> new sorted list
sum(...)
sum(iterable[, start]) -> value
Returns the sum of an iterable of numbers (NOT strings) plus the value
of parameter 'start' (which defaults to 0). When the iterable is
empty, returns start.
vars(...)
vars([object]) -> dictionary
Without arguments, equivalent to locals().
With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.
四 modules
help("modules")
python安装后带有的modules：
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
WConio base64 importlib shelve
_WConio bdb inspect shlex
__future__ binascii io shutil
_abcoll binhex itertools signal
_ast bisect json site
_bisect build_class keyword smtpd
_codecs builtins lib2to3 smtplib
_codecs_cn bz2 linecache sndhdr
_codecs_hk cProfile locale socket
_codecs_iso2022 calendar logging socketserver
_codecs_jp cgi macpath sqlite3
_codecs_kr cgitb macurl2path sre_compile
_codecs_tw chunk mailbox sre_constants
_collections cmath mailcap sre_parse
_compat_pickle cmd marshal ssl
_csv code math stat
_ctypes codecs mimetypes stdredirect
_ctypes_test codeop mmap string
_dummy_thread collections modulefinder stringprep
_elementtree colorsys msilib struct
_functools compileall msvcrt subprocess
_hashlib configparser multiprocessing sunau
_heapq contextlib netrc symbol
_io copy nntplib symtable
_json copyreg nt sys
_locale csv ntpath tabnanny
_lsprof ctypes nturl2path tarfile
_markupbase curses numbers telnetlib
_md5 datetime opcode tempfile
_msi dbm operator test
_multibytecodec decimal optparse textwrap
_multiprocessing difflib os this
_pickle dis os2emxpath thread
_pyio distutils parser threading
_random doctest pdb time
_sha1 dummy_threading pickle timeit
_sha256 email pickletools tkinter
_sha512 encodings pipes token
_socket errno pkgutil tokenize
_sqlite3 filecmp platform trace
_sre fileinput plistlib traceback
_ssl fnmatch poplib tty
_strptime formatter posixpath turtle
_struct fractions pprint types
_subprocess ftplib profile unicodedata
_symtable functools pstats unittest
_testcapi gc pty urllib
_thread genericpath py_compile uu
_threading_local getopt pyclbr uuid
_tkinter getpass pydoc warnings
_warnings gettext pydoc_data wave
_weakref glob pyexpat weakref
_weakrefset gzip pythontips webbrowser
abc hashlib queue winreg
activestate heapq quopri winsound
aifc hmac random wsgiref
antigravity html re xdrlib
array http reprlib xml
ast httplib2 rlcompleter xmlrpc
asynchat idlelib rpyc xxsubtype
asyncore imaplib runpy zipfile
atexit imghdr sched zipimport
audioop imp select zlib
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
WConio base64 importlib shelve
_WConio bdb inspect shlex
__future__ binascii io shutil
_abcoll binhex itertools signal
_ast bisect json site
_bisect build_class keyword smtpd
_codecs builtins lib2to3 smtplib
_codecs_cn bz2 linecache sndhdr
_codecs_hk cProfile locale socket
_codecs_iso2022 calendar logging socketserver
_codecs_jp cgi macpath sqlite3
_codecs_kr cgitb macurl2path sre_compile
_codecs_tw chunk mailbox sre_constants
_collections cmath mailcap sre_parse
_compat_pickle cmd marshal ssl
_csv code math stat
_ctypes codecs mimetypes stdredirect
_ctypes_test codeop mmap string
_dummy_thread collections modulefinder stringprep
_elementtree colorsys msilib struct
_functools compileall msvcrt subprocess
_hashlib configparser multiprocessing sunau
_heapq contextlib netrc symbol
_io copy nntplib symtable
_json copyreg nt sys
_locale csv ntpath tabnanny
_lsprof ctypes nturl2path tarfile
_markupbase curses numbers telnetlib
_md5 datetime opcode tempfile
_msi dbm operator test
_multibytecodec decimal optparse textwrap
_multiprocessing difflib os this
_pickle dis os2emxpath thread
_pyio distutils parser threading
_random doctest pdb time
_sha1 dummy_threading pickle timeit
_sha256 email pickletools tkinter
_sha512 encodings pipes token
_socket errno pkgutil tokenize
_sqlite3 filecmp platform trace
_sre fileinput plistlib traceback
_ssl fnmatch poplib tty
_strptime formatter posixpath turtle
_struct fractions pprint types
_subprocess ftplib profile unicodedata
_symtable functools pstats unittest
_testcapi gc pty urllib
_thread genericpath py_compile uu
_threading_local getopt pyclbr uuid
_tkinter getpass pydoc warnings
_warnings gettext pydoc_data wave
_weakref glob pyexpat weakref
_weakrefset gzip pythontips webbrowser
abc hashlib queue winreg
activestate heapq quopri winsound
aifc hmac random wsgiref
antigravity html re xdrlib
array http reprlib xml
ast httplib2 rlcompleter xmlrpc
asynchat idlelib rpyc xxsubtype
asyncore imaplib runpy zipfile
atexit imghdr sched zipimport
audioop imp select zlib
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose descriptions contain the word "spam".
完！
