Linux（八）数据库备份及nginx配置使用

数据库

## 备份

mysqldump

- 锁表
- 备份特别慢，适用于数据量较小
- 不可以做增量备份
- 单线程

```SHEL
 -A, --all-databases 所有的库
 -B 指定备份的库
 —F 备份前刷新日志
 --flush-privileges 刷新授权表
 -p 密码
 -u 用户
 -P 端口
 触发器
 存储过程和存储函数
 ## 备份
 mysqldump -uroot -S /mydata/mysql/mysql.sock -A -p > mysql.sql
 ## 恢复一
 直接在数据库里面source mysql.sql文件
 ## 恢复二
 mysql -uroot -p < mysql.sql
```

## xtrabackup

- 多进程
- 支持增量备份
- 锁行

```SHELL
安装
yum install https://repo.percona.com/yum/percona-release-latest.noarch.rpm # 安装yum仓库
yum install -y percona-xtrabackup-24
--target-dir=name # 指定备份生成的目录
--backup 备份
--prepare 准备
--databases=name    filtering by list of databases.
--databases-file=name 配置文件
```

### 创建一个用户

```SHELL
mysql> create user 'backup'@'localhost' identified by 'backup';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant reload,lock tables,process,replication client on *.* to 'backup'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

```

## 备份

```SHELL
xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base -ubackup -pbackup --socket=/mydata/mysql/mysql.sock
### 看得如下信息，代表成功
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (5480853) to (5480862) was copied.
190902 09:25:09 completed OK!
```

## 恢复

#### 准备文件

```SHELL
xtrabackup --prepare --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base
InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 5482536
190902 09:28:12 completed OK!
```

#### 恢复文件

```SHELL
cd /mydata/backup/base
cp -rf hello /mydata/mysql/
chown mysql.mysql /mydata/mysql/hello/ -R
```

#### 恢复全部文件

```SHELL
xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base
chown mysql.mysql * -R
```

### 增量备份

```shell
xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/mydata/backup/t1 --incremental-basedir=/mydata/backup/base -uroot -p --socket=/mydata/mysql/mysql.sock
--incremental-dir 全备的路径
xtrabackup --backup --target-dir=/mydata/backup/t2 --incremental-basedir=/mydata/backup/t1 -uroot -p --socket=/mydata/mysql/mysql.sock
--incremental-basedir应该是上一次的增量备份目录
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base
```

### 恢复(只能全部删除以后再恢复)

```shell
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base --incremental-dir=/mydata/backup/t1
xtrabackup --prepare --apply-log-only --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base --incremental-dir=/mydata/backup/t2
xtrabackup --copy-back --target-dir=/mydata/backup/base
chown mysql.mysql * -R
systemctl restart mysqld
```

# nginx

web服务 apache  iis

django web框架

lvs 负载均衡  章文嵩博士

vue 尤雨溪

Tengine

F5 硬件负载

A10

## 安装

```SHELL
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
tar xf nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz
cd nginx-1.16.1
yum install gcc zlib2-devel pcre-devel openssl-devel
 ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module
 make && make install
```

## 目录结构

```shell
[root@localhost nginx]#ls
conf  html  logs  sbin
conf 配置文件
html 存放静态文件 index.html 是默认的欢迎页面
logs 日志目录
sbin 二进制文件
启动以后会生成一个主进程，根据配置文件的选项来生成子进程（工作进程），主进程不负责处理用户的请求，用来转发用户的请求，真正负责处理用户请求的是子进程
```

## 命令格式

```shell
./sbin/nginx -h
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-c filename] [-p prefix] [-g directives]

iptables -F
./sbin/nginx

Options:
  -?,-h         : this help
  -v            : show version and exit 显示版本号
  -V            : show version and configure options then exit 显示版本+编译时选项
  -t            : test configuration and exit  测试配置文件
  -T            : test configuration, dump it and exit
  -q            : suppress non-error messages during configuration testing
  -s signal     : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload
  -p prefix     : set prefix path (default: /opt/nginx/)
  -c filename   : set configuration file (default: conf/nginx.conf)
  -g directives : set global directives out of configuration file
```

## 配置文件

```shell
#user  nobody;    使用哪个用户来启动子进程
worker_processes  1; #工作进程的个数，配置成cpu的核心数-1或者-2
# cpu亲缘性绑定，让nginx的子进程工作在哪个核心上

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    #use [epoll|select|poll];
    worker_connections  102400; # 每一个子进程可以处理的连接数
}


http {
    include       mime.types; #导入
    default_type  application/octet-stream; # 默认的请求方式
    # 定义日志格式
    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    #定义日志并定义日志格式
    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65; # 保持长连接的超时时间

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80; #监听端口
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;  # 指定静态文件地址
            index  index.html index.htm; # 指定默认的index页面
        }
      # 错误页面 找不到页面
        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        # 错误页面 服务端错误
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

```

## 404页面

```SHELL
error_page  404              /404.html;
```

## root和alias的区别

```shell
 location /img {
   root /data/img;
 }
root /data/img 里面必须有/img
 location /img {
   alias /data/img;
 }
 alias /data/img 里面不需要有 /img
```

## 域名

```shell
server_name ms.s22.com
```

## 多域名访问

```shell
  server  {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.taobao.com taobao.com;
        location / {
        root /data/taobao;
        index index.html;
        }

}
   server  {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.jd.com jd.com;
        location / {
        root /data/jd;
        index index.html;
        }
        }
```

### 默认server

```shell
listen 80 default_server;
```