实验6：开源控制器实践——RYU
（一）基本要求
1.搭建下图所示SDN拓扑，协议使用Open Flow 1.0，并连接Ryu控制器，通过Ryu的图形界面查看网络拓扑。
构建拓扑:
sudo mn --topo=single,3 --controller=remote,ip=127.0.0.1,port=6633 --switch ovsk,protocols=OpenFlow10
启动控制器，利用Web图形界面查看网络拓扑（默认web端口8080）：
ryu-manager ryu/ryu/app/gui_topology/gui_topology.py --observe-links
2.阅读Ryu文档的The First Application一节，运行当中的L2Switch，h1 ping h2或h3，在目标主机使用 tcpdump 验证L2Switch，分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同。
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_0
class L2Switch(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_0.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(L2Switch, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
dp = msg.datapath
ofp = dp.ofproto
ofp_parser = dp.ofproto_parser
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofp.OFPP_FLOOD)]
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofp.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(
datapath=dp, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=msg.in_port,
actions=actions, data = data)
dp.send_msg(out)
运行Ryu:
开启主机终端：
mininet> xterm h1 h2 h3
抓取数据包:
tcpdump -nn -i h2-eth0
tcpdump -nn -i h3-eth0
分析L2Switch和POX的Hub模块有何不同:
查看流表命令：
dpctl dump-flows
Ryu的的L2Switch模块查看流表
POX的Hub模块查看流表
3.编程修改L2Switch.py，另存为L2xxxxxxxxx.py，使之和POX的Hub模块的变得一致？（xxxxxxxxx为学号)
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import MAIN_DISPATCHER, CONFIG_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
class hub(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(hub, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_feathers_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow table-miss flow entry
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER, ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
# 1\OUTPUT PORT, 2\BUFF IN SWITCH?
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions):
# 1\ datapath for the switch, 2\priority for flow entry, 3\match field, 4\action for packet
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install flow
inst = [ofp_parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS, actions)]
mod = ofp_parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority, match=match, instructions=inst)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def packet_in_handler(self, ev):
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
ofp_parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port'] # get in port of the packet
# add a flow entry for the packet
match = ofp_parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [ofp_parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
# to output the current packet. for install rules only output later packets
out = ofp_parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id, in_port=in_port, actions=actions)
# buffer id: locate the buffered packet
datapath.send_msg(out)
（二）进阶要求
1.阅读Ryu关于simple_switch.py和simple_switch_1x.py的实现，以simple_switch_13.py为例，完成其代码的注释工作，并回答下列问题：
a) 代码当中的mac_to_port的作用是什么？
保存mac地址到交换机端口的映射
b) simple_switch和simple_switch_13在dpid的输出上有何不同？
simple_switch
dpid = datapath.id
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, msg.in_port)
simple_switch_13
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
simple_switch直接输出dpid，而simple_switch_13用0在dpid前填充至总长度为16
c) 相比simple_switch，simple_switch_13增加的switch_feature_handler实现了什么功能？
实现了交换机以特性应答消息来响应特性请求的功能
d) simple_switch_13是如何实现流规则下发的？
在接收到packetin事件后，首先获取包学习，交换机信息，以太网信息，协议信息等。若以太网类型是LLDP类型，则不予处理。如果不是，则获取源端口的目的端口和交换机id，先学习源地址对应的交换机的入端口，再查看是否已经学习目的mac地址，如果没有则进行洪泛转发。如果学习过该mac地址，则查看是否有buffer_id，如果有的话，则在添加流表信息时加上buffer_id，向交换机发送流表
e) switch_features_handler和_packet_in_handler两个事件在发送流规则的优先级上有何不同？
switch_features_handler下发流表的优先级比_packet_in_handler的优先级高
2.编程实现和ODL实验的一样的硬超时功能。
# Copyright (C) 2011 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from ryu.base import app_manager
from ryu.controller import ofp_event
from ryu.controller.handler import CONFIG_DISPATCHER, MAIN_DISPATCHER
from ryu.controller.handler import set_ev_cls
from ryu.ofproto import ofproto_v1_3
from ryu.lib.packet import packet
from ryu.lib.packet import ethernet
from ryu.lib.packet import ether_types
class SimpleSwitch13(app_manager.RyuApp):
OFP_VERSIONS = [ofproto_v1_3.OFP_VERSION]
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(SimpleSwitch13, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.mac_to_port = {}
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPSwitchFeatures, CONFIG_DISPATCHER)
def switch_features_handler(self, ev):
datapath = ev.msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
# install table-miss flow entry
#
# We specify NO BUFFER to max_len of the output action due to
# OVS bug. At this moment, if we specify a lesser number, e.g.,
# 128, OVS will send Packet-In with invalid buffer_id and
# truncated packet data. In that case, we cannot output packets
# correctly. The bug has been fixed in OVS v2.1.0.
match = parser.OFPMatch()
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(ofproto.OFPP_CONTROLLER,
ofproto.OFPCML_NO_BUFFER)]
self.add_flow(datapath, 0, match, actions)
def add_flow(self, datapath, priority, match, actions, buffer_id=None, hard_timeout=0):
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
inst = [parser.OFPInstructionActions(ofproto.OFPIT_APPLY_ACTIONS,
actions)]
if buffer_id:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=buffer_id,
priority=priority, match=match,
instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
else:
mod = parser.OFPFlowMod(datapath=datapath, priority=priority,
match=match, instructions=inst, hard_timeout=hard_timeout)
datapath.send_msg(mod)
@set_ev_cls(ofp_event.EventOFPPacketIn, MAIN_DISPATCHER)
def _packet_in_handler(self, ev):
# If you hit this you might want to increase
# the "miss_send_length" of your switch
if ev.msg.msg_len < ev.msg.total_len:
self.logger.debug("packet truncated: only %s of %s bytes",
ev.msg.msg_len, ev.msg.total_len)
msg = ev.msg
datapath = msg.datapath
ofproto = datapath.ofproto
parser = datapath.ofproto_parser
in_port = msg.match['in_port']
pkt = packet.Packet(msg.data)
eth = pkt.get_protocols(ethernet.ethernet)[0]
if eth.ethertype == ether_types.ETH_TYPE_LLDP:
# ignore lldp packet
return
dst = eth.dst
src = eth.src
dpid = format(datapath.id, "d").zfill(16)
self.mac_to_port.setdefault(dpid, {})
self.logger.info("packet in %s %s %s %s", dpid, src, dst, in_port)
# learn a mac address to avoid FLOOD next time.
self.mac_to_port[dpid][src] = in_port
if dst in self.mac_to_port[dpid]:
out_port = self.mac_to_port[dpid][dst]
else:
out_port = ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD
actions = [parser.OFPActionOutput(out_port)]\
actions_timeout=[]
# install a flow to avoid packet_in next time
if out_port != ofproto.OFPP_FLOOD:
match = parser.OFPMatch(in_port=in_port, eth_dst=dst, eth_src=src)
# verify if we have a valid buffer_id, if yes avoid to send both
# flow_mod & packet_out
hard_timeout=10
if msg.buffer_id != ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match,actions_timeout, msg.buffer_id,hard_timeout=10)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions, msg.buffer_id)
return
else:
self.add_flow(datapath, 2, match, actions_timeout, hard_timeout=10)
self.add_flow(datapath, 1, match, actions)
data = None
if msg.buffer_id == ofproto.OFP_NO_BUFFER:
data = msg.data
out = parser.OFPPacketOut(datapath=datapath, buffer_id=msg.buffer_id,
in_port=in_port, actions=actions, data=data)
datapath.send_msg(out)
个人总结
通过此次实验学习到了RYU控制器实现软件定义的交换机原理，对于L2Switch和POX的Hub模块两者之间的不同也有了更深刻的印象。
做基础要求时使用命令
sudo mn --topo=single,3 --mac --controller=remote,ip=127.0.0.1,port=6633 --switch ovsk,protocols=OpenFlow10
创建拓扑后mininet无法ping通，通过询问其他做完实验的同学知道生成拓扑的时候不设置OpenFlow的版本即可
即使用
sudo mn --topo=single,3 --mac --controller=remote,ip=127.0.0.1,port=6633 --switch ovsk
基本要求比较容易就完成了，进阶要求通过查看其它同学的报告和寻求帮助完成，进行的很顺利
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