SQLAlchemy
一 介绍
SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架，该框架建立在数据库API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
1. 安装：
pip3 install sqlalchemy
2. 框架与流程
组成部分：
- Engine，框架的引擎
- Connection Pooling ，数据库连接池
- Dialect，选择连接数据库的DB API种类
- Schema/Types，架构和类型
- SQL Exprression Language，SQL表达式语言
流程：
#1、使用者通过ORM对象提交命令 #2、将命令交给SQLAlchemy Core（Schema/Types SQL Expression Language）转换成SQL #3、使用 Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 进行数据库操作 #3.1、匹配使用者事先配置好的egine #3.2、egine从连接池中取出一个链接 #3.3、基于该链接通过Dialect调用DB API，将SQL转交给它去执行
上述流程分析，可以大致分为两个阶段 #第一个阶段（流程1-2）：将SQLAlchemy的对象换成可执行的sql语句 #第二个阶段（流程3）：将sql语句交给数据库执行
SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
更多：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
二 使用
执行原生SQL语句
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
#1 准备
# 需要事先安装好pymysql
# 需要事先创建好数据库:create database db1 charset utf8;
#2 创建引擎
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
#3 执行sql
# egine.execute('create table if not EXISTS t1(id int PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,name char(32));')
# cur=egine.execute('insert into t1 values(%s,%s);',[(1,"zhou"),(2,"jun"),(3,"egon3")]) #按位置传值
# cur=egine.execute('insert into t1 values(%(id)s,%(name)s);',name='hao',id=4) #按关键字传值
#4 新插入行的自增id
# print(cur.lastrowid)
#5 查询
cur=egine.execute('select * from t1')
cur.fetchone() #获取一行
cur.fetchmany(2) #获取多行
cur.fetchall() #获取所有行
#############
def task(arg):
conn = engine.raw_connection()
cursor = conn.cursor()
cursor.execute(
"select * from t1"
)
result = cursor.fetchall()
cursor.close()
conn.close()
for i in range(20):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
############
def task(arg):
conn = engine.contextual_connect()
with conn:
cur = conn.execute(
"select * from t1"
)
result = cur.fetchall()
print(result)
for i in range(20):
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))
t.start()
注意: 查看连接 show status like 'Threads%';
创建表
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import datetime from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index Base = declarative_base() class Users(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) #nullable为False是不允许为空 # email = Column(String(32), unique=True) # ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now) # extra = Column(Text, nullable=True) __table_args__ = ( # 联合唯一索引 # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), # 联合索引 # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), 'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB', #指定存储引擎 'mysql_charset': 'utf8' #指定表的字符编码 ) def init_db(): """ 根据类创建数据库表 :return: """ engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置） ) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db(): """ 根据类删除数据库表 :return: """ engine = create_engine( "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接 pool_size=5, # 连接池大小 pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错 pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置） ) Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) if __name__ == '__main__': #drop_db() init_db()
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import datetime from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship Base = declarative_base() # ##################### 一对多示例 ######################### class Hobby(Base): __tablename__ = 'hobby' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球') class Person(Base): __tablename__ = 'person' nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id")) # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便 hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers') # ##################### 多对多示例 ######################### class Server2Group(Base): __tablename__ = 'server2group' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id')) group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id')) class Group(Base): __tablename__ = 'group' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) # 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便 servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups') class Server(Base): __tablename__ = 'server' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
执行数据库操作
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
# 每次执行数据库操作时，都需要创建一个session
session = Session()
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 关闭session
session.close()
基本的增删改查
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from db import Users, Hosts
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/demo1", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)
session.add_all([
Users(name="wupeiqi"),
Users(name="alex"),
Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 删除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) #非运算操作指定synchronize_session=False
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")# 运算操作时指定参数为synchronize_session="evaluate"
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查询 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all() # 查所有
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all() #查指定字段
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all() # 值过滤
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all() # 属性过滤
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first() # 取结果的第一个
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
"""
session.close()
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session from models import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) """ # 线程安全，基于本地线程实现每个线程用同一个session # 特殊的：scoped_session中有原来方法的Session中的一下方法： public_methods = ( '__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested', 'close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire', 'expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind', 'is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings', 'bulk_update_mappings', 'merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback', 'scalar' ) """ session = scoped_session(Session) # ############# 执行ORM操作 ############# obj1 = Users(name="alex1") session.add(obj1) # 提交事务 session.commit() # 关闭session session.close()
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import time import threading from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine from db import Users engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) def task(arg): session = Session() obj1 = Users(name="alex1") session.add(obj1) session.commit() for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,)) t.start()
常用操作
# 条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
# 在什么到什么之间
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
# in 与 notin
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
ret =
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
# and 与 or
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(
or_(
Users.id < 2,
and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
Users.extra != ""
)).all()
# 通配符
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all() # e开头对所有
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all() # ～取反
# 限制
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2:1] #对结果切片
# 排序
# desc降序，asc升序
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
ret = session.query(
func.max(Users.id),
func.sum(Users.id),
func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()
# 连表
ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
# 组合
# 把两次查询的结果组合到一个列表
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
多对一查询及relationship反查
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption) # 结果是一个对象
"""
# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers) # 结果是一个列表，列表内是关联的所有对象
"""
session.close()
多对多查询及relationship反查
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time
import threading
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Group).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.servers) # 得到一个列表，里面是所有关联的对象
"""
# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Server).first()
print(v.hostname)
print(v.groups) # 得到一个列表，里面是所有关联的对象
"""
session.close()
子查询
#示例:查出id大于2的员工,当做子查询的表使用 #原生SQL: # select * from (select * from emp where id > 2); #ORM: res=session.query( session.query(Emp).filter(Emp.id > 8).subquery() ).all()
#示例:#查出销售部门的员工姓名 #原生SQL: # select ename from emp where dep_id in (select id from dep where dname='销售'); #ORM: res=session.query(Emp.ename).filter(Emp.dep_id.in_( session.query(Dep.id).filter_by(dname='销售'), #传的是参数 # session.query(Dep.id).filter(Dep.dname=='销售') #传的是表达式 )).all()
#示例:查询所有的员工姓名与部门名 #原生SQL: # select ename as 员工姓名,(select dname from dep where id = emp.dep_id) as 部门名 from emp; #ORM: sub_sql=session.query(Dep.dname).filter(Dep.id==Emp.dep_id) #SELECT dep.dname FROM dep, emp WHERE dep.id = emp.dep_id sub_sql.as_scalar() #as_scalar的功能就是把上面的sub_sql加上了括号 res=session.query(Emp.ename,sub_sql.as_scalar()).all()
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import time import threading from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Group engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/demo?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() # 关联子查询 subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar() result = session.query(Group.name, subqry) """ SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid FROM server WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1 FROM `group` """ # 原生SQL """ # 查询 cursor = session.execute('select * from users') result = cursor.fetchall() # 添加 cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'}) session.commit() print(cursor.lastrowid) """ session.close()
既然选择了远方，便是风雨兼程...
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