一、Mysql背景信息
Mysql在互联网早期就流行了，追求速度、简单、坚持开源、几乎支持所有操作系统。完全支持多用户、多线程，支持海量数据存储，采用MyISAM、InnoDB两大存储引擎优势互补。但随着InnoDB和Mysql自身被Oracle收购，促使Mysql的创始人开发了MariaDB。
MariaDB最大的特点就是采用XtraDB存储引擎，并和原生版本兼容，保留了Mysql的自由开放，XtraDB是Percona开发的高性能存储引擎，主要是为了替代InnoDB.除了XtraDB引擎，后起之秀TokuDB支持高性能、事务处理的存储引擎，性能比InnoDB高出很多，超高的insert性能、高压缩比、支持在线修改索引、添加字段。
安装时Mysql、MariaDB、Percona Server 不能共存，要部署MariaDB就必须卸载另外两个。否则出现“mysql service masked”错误。
二、安装MariaDB
1.安装数据库环境
--1.1查看apt远程仓库中已有的mariadb安装包
sudo apt-cache search mariadb 或者 sudo apt-cache search mariadb-server sudo apt-cache search mariadb-client
--1.2安装mariadb服务端和客户端软件
sudo aptitude install -y mariadb-server mariadb-client
2.安装数据库实例
--2.1 执行mysql_secure_installation
sudo mysql_secure_installation
--2.2 交互式安装过程
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.
Enter current password for root (enter for none): 设置root的密码1
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.
You already have a root password set, so you can safely answer 'n'.
Change the root password? [Y/n] n 是否改变密码:n不改变
... skipping.
By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y 是否移除测试用户：y是的
... Success!
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y 是否允许root远程登录：n不允许
... Success!
By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y 删掉测试数据库test:y删掉
- Dropping test database...
... Success!
- Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y 重新加载权限表：y重新加载
... Success!
Cleaning up...
All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.
Thanks for using MariaDB
3.查看MariaDB数据库服务状态 （与原生MySQL共用一个服务名，这说明了MariaDB与其他Mysql数据库不能共存在同一操作系统）
sudo systemctl status mysql.service
4.启动MariaDB数据库服务
sudo systemctl start mysql.service
3.设置mysql随系统服务启动
sudo update-rc.d mysql defaults
4.撤销随系统服务启动
sudo update-rc.d -f mysql remove
5.与之前版本mysql不同，需要获得操作系统管理员权限，才能登录MariaDB的root用户，普通操作系统用户不能登录MariaDB数据库root用户
sudo mysql -u root -p
6.备份mysql数据库 也需要获得操作系统管理员才能执行备份
sudo mysqldump -uroot -p mysql >mysql.sql
7.创建普通数据库用户 （登录普通数据库用户则不需要获得操作系统管理员权限）
create user 'henry'@'%' identified by '1';
8.登录远地数据库(需要henry@'%')
mysql -h localhost -u henry -p1
9.修改MariaDB配置文件，监听外网访问
9.1 编辑mariadb配置文件
sudo vim /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
9.2 注释bind-address这一行
# Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on
# localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure.
#bind-address = 127.0.0.1 #注释掉这一行
10.重启数据库服务，使配置生效
sudo systemctl restart mysql.service
11.MariaDB版本
mysql -V mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.0.29-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.2
三、卸载mariadb
--3.1无询问方式卸载mariadb-server、mariadb-client及其依赖包，并删除mysql配置文件
sudo aptitude purge mariadb-server mariadb-client -y #这种方式清除，mariadb数据库文件依然存在
--3.2卸载信息
The following packages will be REMOVED:
libaio1{u} libdbd-mysql-perl{u} libdbi-perl{u} libhtml-template-perl{u}
libmysqlclient20{u} libreadline5{u} libterm-readkey-perl{u} mariadb-client{p}
mariadb-client-10.0{u} mariadb-client-core-10.0{u} mariadb-common{u}
mariadb-server{p} mariadb-server-10.0{u} mariadb-server-core-10.0{u}
mysql-common{u}
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 15 to remove and 48 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B of archives. After unpacking 145 MB will be freed.
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 288232 个文件和目录。)
正在卸载 mariadb-server (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 288229 个文件和目录。)
正在卸载 mariadb-server-10.0 (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
正在卸载 mariadb-server-core-10.0 (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
正在处理用于 man-db (2.7.5-1) 的触发器 ...
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 288061 个文件和目录。)
正在卸载 mariadb-client (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
(正在读取数据库 ... 系统当前共安装有 288058 个文件和目录。)
正在卸载 mariadb-client-10.0 (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
正在卸载 mariadb-client-core-10.0 (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
正在卸载 libaio1:amd64 (0.3.110-2) ...
正在卸载 libdbd-mysql-perl (4.033-1ubuntu0.1) ...
正在卸载 libdbi-perl (1.634-1build1) ...
正在卸载 libhtml-template-perl (2.95-2) ...
正在卸载 libmysqlclient20:amd64 (5.7.18-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
正在卸载 libreadline5:amd64 (5.2+dfsg-3build1) ...
正在卸载 libterm-readkey-perl (2.33-1build1) ...
正在卸载 mariadb-common (10.0.29-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
update-alternatives: 使用 /etc/mysql/my.cnf.fallback 来在自动模式中提供 /etc/mysql/my.cnf (my.cnf)
正在卸载 mysql-common (5.7.18-0ubuntu0.16.04.1) ...
正在处理用于 man-db (2.7.5-1) 的触发器 ...
正在处理用于 libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu7) 的触发器 ...
--3.3 清除残余文件
---3.3.1 查看mariadb残余文件
sudo dpkg -l | grep mariadb
---3.3.2清除残余文件
sudo dpkg --purge mariadb-client-10.0 mariadb-common mariadb-server-10.0 mysql-common #在清除mariadb-server-10.0时会询问是否删除数据库
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