实验六 文件I/O与异常处理

TASK1

contestant.hpp

#pragma once
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Contestant {
    long   id;              // 学号
    std::string name;       // 姓名
    std::string major;      // 专业
    int    solved;          // 解题数
    int    penalty;         // 总罚时
};

// 重载<<
// 要求:姓名/专业里不含空白符
inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Contestant& c) {
    out << std::left;
    out << std::setw(15) << c.id
        << std::setw(15) << c.name
        << std::setw(15) << c.major
        << std::setw(10) << c.solved
        << std::setw(10) << c.penalty;

    return out;
}

// 重载>>
inline std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Contestant& c) {
    in >> c.id >> c.name >> c.major >> c.solved >> c.penalty;

    return in;
}

utils.hpp

#pragma once
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "contestant.hpp"

// ACM 排序规则:先按解题数降序,再按罚时升序
inline bool cmp_by_solve(const Contestant& a, const Contestant& b) {
    if(a.solved != b.solved)
        return a.solved > b.solved;
    
    return a.penalty < b.penalty;
}

// 将结果写至任意输出流
inline void write(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<Contestant>& v) {
    for (const auto& x : v) 
        os << x << '\n';
}

// 将结果打印到屏幕
inline void print(const std::vector<Contestant>& v) {
    write(std::cout, v);
}

// 将结果保存到文件
inline void save(const std::string& filename, const std::vector<Contestant>& v) {
    std::ofstream os(filename);
    if (!os) 
        throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename);

    write(os, v);
}

// 从文件读取信息(跳过标题行)
inline std::vector<Contestant> load(const std::string& filename) {
    std::ifstream is(filename);
    if (!is) 
        throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename);

    std::string line;
    std::getline(is, line);          // 跳过标题

    std::vector<Contestant> v;
    Contestant t;
    int seq;
    while (is >> seq >> t) 
        v.push_back(t);
        
    return v;
}

task1.cpp

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
#include "contestant.hpp"
#include "utils.hpp"

const std::string in_file = "./data.txt";
const std::string out_file = "./ans.txt";

void app() {
    std::vector<Contestant> contestants;

    try {
        contestants = load(in_file);                                      
        std::sort(contestants.begin(), contestants.end(), cmp_by_solve); 
        print(contestants);      
        save(out_file, contestants);                         
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
        return;
    }
}

int main() {
    app();
}

image

Q1

(1)std::coutstd::ostream 类型的全局对象(直接属于基类 ostream 的实例);std::ofstreamstd::ostream 的派生类。在 C++ 中,基类的引用(或指针)可以绑定到其派生类的对象,这是多态的基础。
(2)不需要改动 write() 函数。
只要目标设备提供了标准的 std::ostream 接口(是std::ostream的派生类或兼容std::ostream&绑定),当前的 write()可以直接复用,无需任何修改。这体现了oop编程的可复用性。

Q2

(1)throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename);:当无法打开要保存的文件时会抛出异常。
throw std::runtime_error("fail to open " + filename);:当无法打开要读取的文件时抛出异常。
(2)所有异常最终被 app() 函数中的 catch (const std::exception& e) 块捕获;
1.错误信息输出:
通过 e.what() 获取抛出异常时的字符串;
输出到标准错误流 std::cerr。
2.终止 app () 函数:
return 语句让 app() 立即退出,不再执行后续代码,回到 main() 函数,main() 执行完 app() 后无其他逻辑,程序以默认返回码 0 退出。

Q3

可以;功能上一致,性能上代码更内聚,减少冗余,灵活度高,略优于调用函数,结果一致。

Q4

(1)image
会有脏数据,空白的数据没有默认值。
(2)逐行读取并记录行号;对每行数据做合法性校验,解析失败时打印错误行号+内容,跳过该行;用try-catch捕获单行解析异常,不终止整体读取流程。

TASK2

student.hpp

#pragma once

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <sstream>

class Student {
public:
    Student() = default;
    ~Student() = default;
    
    const std::string get_major() const { return major; }
    int get_grade() const { return grade; }
    int get_id() const { return id; }
    const std::string& get_name() const { return name; }
    
    // 数据验证方法
    void validate() const {
        if (id <= 0) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("学号必须为正整数");
        }
        if (name.empty()) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("姓名不能为空");
        }
        if (major.empty()) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("专业不能为空");
        }
        if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) {
            std::ostringstream oss;
            oss << "成绩必须在0-100之间,当前值: " << grade;
            throw std::invalid_argument(oss.str());
        }
    }

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& s) {
        os << s.id << "\t" << s.name << "\t" << s.major << "\t" << s.grade;
        return os;
    }
    
    friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& s) {
        if (!(is >> s.id)) {
            throw std::runtime_error("读取学号失败:字段缺失或格式错误");
        }
        if (!(is >> s.name)) {
            throw std::runtime_error("读取姓名失败:字段缺失");
        }
        if (!(is >> s.major)) {
            throw std::runtime_error("读取专业失败:字段缺失");
        }
        if (!(is >> s.grade)) {
            throw std::runtime_error("读取成绩失败:字段缺失或格式错误");
        }
        
        try {
            s.validate();
        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
            is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
            throw;
        }
        
        return is;
    }

private:
    int id;   
    std::string  name;
    std::string  major;
    int          grade;  // 0-100
};

stumgr.hpp

#pragma once
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <sstream>
#include <limits>
#include "student.hpp"

class StuMgr {
public:
    void load(const std::string& file);  // 加载数据文件(空格分隔) 
    void sort();                         // 排序: 按专业字典序升序、同专业分数降序
    void print() const;                  // 打印到屏幕
    void save(const std::string& file) const; // 保存到文件

private:
    void write(std::ostream &os) const;  // 把数据写到任意输出流

private:
    std::vector<Student> students;
};
void StuMgr::load(const std::string& file){
    std::ifstream ifs(file);
    if (!ifs.is_open()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("无法打开文件: " + file);
    }
    
    students.clear();

    std::string line;
    if (!std::getline(ifs, line)) {
        throw std::runtime_error("文件为空或格式错误");
    }
    
    int lineNumber = 1; 
   int skippedCount = 0;
    
    while (std::getline(ifs, line)) {
        lineNumber++;
        
        if (line.empty() || line.find_first_not_of(" \t\r\n") == std::string::npos) {
            continue;
        }
        
        std::istringstream iss(line);
        Student s;
        
        try {
            iss >> s;

            if (iss.fail()) {
                throw std::runtime_error("数据格式错误");
            }
            
            students.push_back(s);
            
        } catch (const std::exception& e) {
            skippedCount++;
            
            std::istringstream temp(line);
            int id = 0;
            std::string name, major;
            int grade = 0;
            
            temp >> id >> name >> major >> grade;
            
            std::cout << "[Warning] line " << lineNumber << " ";
            
            if (name.empty()) {
                std::cout << "format error";
            } else if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) {
                std::cout << "grade invalid";
            } else {
                std::cout << "format error";
            }
            
            std::cout << ", skipped: " << id << "\t" << name << "\t" << major << "\t";
            
            if (grade < 0 || grade > 100) {
                std::cout << "error: " << grade;
            }
            
            std::cout << "\n";
        }
    }
    
    if (students.empty()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("文件中没有有效的学生数据");
    }
    
    std::cout << "加载成功\n";
    if (skippedCount > 0) {
        std::cout << "跳过了 " << skippedCount << " 条无效记录\n";
    }
}
void StuMgr::sort() {
    if (students.empty()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("没有数据可排序,请先加载文件");
    }
    
    std::sort(students.begin(), students.end(), [](const Student& a, const Student& b) {
        if (a.get_major() != b.get_major()) {
            return a.get_major() < b.get_major();
        }
        return a.get_grade() > b.get_grade();
    });
}

void StuMgr::print() const {
    if (students.empty()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("没有数据可打印,请先加载文件");
    }
    
    std::cout << "\n学号\t姓名\t专业\t成绩\n";
    std::cout << "========================================\n";
    for (const auto& s : students) {
        std::cout << s << '\n';
    }
    std::cout << "========================================\n";
    std::cout << "共 " << students.size() << " 条记录\n";
}
void StuMgr::save(const std::string& file) const {
    if (students.empty()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("没有数据可保存,请先加载文件");
    }
    
    std::ofstream ofs(file);
    if (!ofs.is_open()) {
        throw std::runtime_error("无法创建文件: " + file);
    }
    
    try {
        write(ofs);
        ofs.close();
        if (ofs.fail()) {
            throw std::runtime_error("写入文件时发生错误");
        }
    } catch (const std::exception& e) {
        throw std::runtime_error("保存文件失败: " + std::string(e.what()));
    }
}
void StuMgr::write(std::ostream &os) const {
    for (const auto& s : students) {
        os << s << '\n';
    }
}

task2.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <string>
#include "stumgr.hpp"

const std::string in_file = "./data.txt";
const std::string out_file = "./ans.txt";

void menu() {
    std::cout << "\n**********简易应用**********\n"
                 "1. 加载文件\n"
                 "2. 排序\n"
                 "3. 打印到屏幕\n"
                 "4. 保存到文件\n"
                 "5. 退出\n"
                 "请选择:";
}

void app() {
    StuMgr mgr;

    while(true) {
        menu();
        int choice;
        std::cin >> choice;

        try {
            switch (choice) {
            case 1: mgr.load(in_file); 
                    std::cout << "加载成功\n"; break;
            case 2: mgr.sort(); 
                    std::cout << "排序已完成\n"; break;
            case 3: mgr.print(); 
                    std::cout << "打印已完成\n"; break;
            case 4: mgr.save(out_file); 
                    std::cout << "导出成功\n"; break;
            case 5: return;
            default: std::cout << "不合法输入\n";
            }
        }
        catch (const std::exception& e) {
            std::cout << "Error: " << e.what() << '\n';
        }
    }
}

int main() {
    app();
}

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posted @ 2025-12-22 00:27  yuyue-aq  阅读(3)  评论(0)    收藏  举报