数据类型之字典

1. 定义

在{}内用逗号分隔开多元素，每一个元素都是key:value的形式，其中value可以是任意类型，而key则必须是不可变类型，详见第八小节，通常key应该是str类型，因为str类型会对value有描述性的功能

2. 类型转换

# 转换1:
>>> info=dict([['name','tony'],('age',18)])
>>> info
{'age': 18, 'name': 'tony'}

# 转换2：fromkeys会从元组中取出每个值当做key，然后与None组成key:value放到字典中
>>> {}.fromkeys(('name','age','sex'),None)  
{'age': None, 'sex': None, 'name': None}

3. 基本使用

3.1 按key存取值：可存可取

# 1.1 取
>>> dic = {
    'name': 'xxx',
    'age': 18,
    'hobbies': ['play game', 'basketball']
 }
>>> dic['name']
'xxx'
>>> dic['hobbies'][1]
'basketball'
# 1.2 对于赋值操作，如果key原先不存在于字典，则会新增key:value
>>> dic['gender'] = 'male'  
>>> dic
{'name': 'tony', 'age': 18, 'hobbies': ['play game', 'basketball'],'gender':'male'}
# 1.3 对于赋值操作，如果key原先存在于字典，则会修改对应value的值
>>> dic['name'] = 'tony'
>>> dic
{'name': 'tony', 'age': 18, 'hobbies': ['play game', 'basketball']}

3.2 长度len

>>> len(dic)
3

3.3 成员运算in和not in

>>> 'name' in dic  # 判断某个值是否是字典的key
True

3.4 删除

>>> dic.pop('name')  # 通过指定字典的key来删除字典的键值对
>>> dic
{'age': 18, 'hobbies': ['play game', 'basketball']}

3.5 键keys()，值values()，键值对items()

>>> dic = {'age': 18, 'hobbies': ['play game', 'basketball'], 'name': 'xxx'}
# 获取字典所有的key
>>> dic.keys()  
dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'hobbies'])
# 获取字典所有的value
>>> dic.values()
dict_values(['xxx', 18, ['play game', 'basketball']])
# 获取字典所有的键值对
>>> dic.items()
dict_items([('name', 'xxx'), ('age', 18), ('hobbies', ['play game', 'basketball'])])

3.6 循环

# 6.1 默认遍历的是字典的key
>>> for key in dic:
...     print(key)
... 
age
hobbies
name
# 6.2 只遍历key
>>> for key in dic.keys():
...     print(key)
... 
age
hobbies
name
# 6.3 只遍历value
>>> for key in dic.values():
...     print(key)
... 
18
['play game', 'basketball']
xxx
# 6.4 遍历key与value
>>> for key in dic.items():
...     print(key)
... 
('age', 18)
('hobbies', ['play game', 'basketball'])
('name', 'xxx')

4. 进阶使用

4.1 get()

>>> dic= {'k1':'jason','k2':'Tony','k3':'JY'}
>>> dic.get('k1')
'jason' 				   # key存在，则获取key对应的value值
>>> res=dic.get('xxx')     # key不存在，不会报错而是默认返回None
>>> print(res)
None  
>>> res=dic.get('xxx',666) # key不存在时，可以设置默认返回的值
>>> print(res)
666 
# ps:字典取值建议使用get方法

4.2 pop()

>>> dic= {'k1':'jason','k2':'Tony','k3':'JY'}
>>> v = dic.pop('k2')  # 删除指定的key对应的键值对,并返回值
>>> dic
{'k1': 'jason', 'kk2': 'JY'}
>>> v
'Tony'

4.3 popitem()

>>> dic= {'k1':'jason','k2':'Tony','k3':'JY'}
>>> item = dic.popitem()  # 随机删除一组键值对,并将删除的键值放到元组内返回
>>> dic
{'k3': 'JY', 'k2': 'Tony'}
>>> item
('k1', 'jason')

4.4 update()

# 用新字典更新旧字典，有则修改，无则添加
>>> dic= {'k1':'jason','k2':'Tony','k3':'JY'}
>>> dic.update({'k1':'JN','k4':'xxx'})
>>> dic
{'k1': 'JN', 'k3': 'JY', 'k2': 'Tony', 'k4': 'xxx'}

4.5 fromkeys()

>>> dic = dict.fromkeys(['k1','k2','k3'],[])
>>> dic
{'k1': [], 'k2': [], 'k3': []}

4.6 setdefault()

# key不存在则新增键值对，并将新增的value返回
>>> dic={'k1':111,'k2':222}
>>> res=dic.setdefault('k3',333)
>>> res
333
>>> dic # 字典中新增了键值对
{'k1': 111, 'k3': 333, 'k2': 222}

# key存在则不做任何修改，并返回已存在key对应的value值
>>> dic={'k1':111,'k2':222}
>>> res=dic.setdefault('k1',666)
>>> res
111
>>> dic # 字典不变
{'k1': 111, 'k2': 222}