（Linux）文件操作

创建与删除

• touch test.txt 创建文件

• mkdir 创建文件夹

• rm 移除

• rm -d xxx 移除空目录

• rm -r xxx 一般删除方法

• 移除隐藏文件，文件名前加.即可

To run a command as administrator (user "root"), use "sudo <command>".
See "man sudo_root" for details.
​
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -a
.             .bashrc  Desktop    .gnupg  Pictures  Templates
..            .cache   Documents  .local  .profile  Videos
.bash_logout  .config  Downloads  Music   Public
xd@ubuntu:~$ cd home
bash: cd: home: No such file or directory
xd@ubuntu:~$ home
​
Command 'home' not found, did you mean:
​
  command 'hose' from deb netpipes (4.2-8build1)
  command 'tome' from deb tome (2.4~0.git.2015.12.29-1.2build4)
  command 'hime' from deb hime (0.9.10+git20170427+dfsg1-3build8)
​
Try: sudo apt install <deb name>
​
xd@ubuntu:~$ pwd
/home/xd
xd@ubuntu:~$ cd ..
xd@ubuntu:/home$ cd..
cd..: command not found
xd@ubuntu:/home$ cd .. 
xd@ubuntu:/$ cd home
xd@ubuntu:/home$ cd ..
xd@ubuntu:/$ cd ..
xd@ubuntu:/$ cd ..
xd@ubuntu:/$ cd /home/xd
xd@ubuntu:~$ pwd
/home/xd
xd@ubuntu:~$ touch test.txt
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -l
total 32
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
-rw-rw-r-- 1 xd xd    0 Jul 24 17:34 test.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ mkdir bb
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
bb       Documents  Music     Public     test.txt
Desktop  Downloads  Pictures  Templates  Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ touch .test1.txt
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
bb       Documents  Music     Public     test.txt
Desktop  Downloads  Pictures  Templates  Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -a
.             .bashrc  .config    Downloads  Music     Public      test.txt
..            bb       Desktop    .gnupg     Pictures  Templates   Videos
.bash_logout  .cache   Documents  .local     .profile  .test1.txt
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm test1
rm: cannot remove 'test1': No such file or directory
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm test1.txt
rm: cannot remove 'test1.txt': No such file or directory
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm test.txt
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
bb  Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -la
total 72
drwxr-xr-x 15 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:39 .
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Jul 19 05:20 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    220 Jul 19 05:20 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd   3771 Jul 19 05:20 .bashrc
drwxrwxr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:36 bb
drwxrwxr-x 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:36 .cache
drwx------ 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:37 .config
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
drwx------  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .gnupg
drwxr-xr-x  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .local
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    807 Jul 19 05:20 .profile
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
-rw-rw-r--  1 xd   xd      0 Jul 24 17:37 .test1.txt
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm .test1
rm: cannot remove '.test1': No such file or directory
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm .test1.txt
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -la
total 72
drwxr-xr-x 15 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:41 .
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Jul 19 05:20 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    220 Jul 19 05:20 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd   3771 Jul 19 05:20 .bashrc
drwxrwxr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:36 bb
drwxrwxr-x 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:36 .cache
drwx------ 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:37 .config
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
drwx------  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .gnupg
drwxr-xr-x  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .local
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    807 Jul 19 05:20 .profile
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ mkdir .xxdd
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
bb  Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -la
total 76
drwxr-xr-x 16 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:42 .
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Jul 19 05:20 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    220 Jul 19 05:20 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd   3771 Jul 19 05:20 .bashrc
drwxrwxr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:36 bb
drwxrwxr-x 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:36 .cache
drwx------ 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:37 .config
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
drwx------  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .gnupg
drwxr-xr-x  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .local
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    807 Jul 19 05:20 .profile
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
drwxrwxr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:42 .xxdd
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -l
total 36
drwxrwxr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 24 17:36 bb
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm .xxdd
rm: cannot remove '.xxdd': Is a directory
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm -d .xxdd
xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -al
total 72
drwxr-xr-x 15 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:43 .
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root 4096 Jul 19 05:20 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    220 Jul 19 05:20 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd   3771 Jul 19 05:20 .bashrc
drwxrwxr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 24 17:36 bb
drwxrwxr-x 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:36 .cache
drwx------ 11 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:37 .config
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
drwx------  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .gnupg
drwxr-xr-x  3 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 .local
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
-rw-r--r--  1 xd   xd    807 Jul 19 05:20 .profile
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
drwxr-xr-x  2 xd   xd   4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
xd@ubuntu:~$ mkdir .xxdd
xd@ubuntu:~$ cd .xxdd
xd@ubuntu:~/.xxdd$ touch xxdd0.txt
xd@ubuntu:~/.xxdd$ cd..
cd..: command not found
xd@ubuntu:~/.xxdd$ cd ..
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm -d .xxdd
rm: cannot remove '.xxdd': Directory not empty
xd@ubuntu:~$ rm -r .xxdd
xd@ubuntu:~$ 

复制 移动 重命名

移动 （剪切）

• mv ：mv test.txt /home/xd/aa

• mv ：mv test.txt aa

• 可以把同文件夹下的一个文件夹整个移动到另一个同级别文件夹中

  xd@ubuntu:~$ mkdir aa
  xd@ubuntu:~$ mv bb aa
  xd@ubuntu:~$ ls 
  aa  Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
  xd@ubuntu:~$ ls -l
  total 36
  drwxrwxr-x 3 xd xd 4096 Jul 24 17:58 aa
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Desktop
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Documents
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Downloads
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Music
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Pictures
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Public
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Templates
  drwxr-xr-x 2 xd xd 4096 Jul 19 05:35 Videos
  xd@ubuntu:~$ cd aa
  xd@ubuntu:~/aa$ ls
  bb
  xd@ubuntu:~/aa$ cd bb
  xd@ubuntu:~/aa/bb$ ls bbb
  bbbb.txt

复制

• cp

• 与移动方法类似，但不删除源文件

重命名

• 复制或移动时可以同时改名

• 从当前目录移动或复制到当前目录可以进行改名操作

  xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
  Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
  xd@ubuntu:~$ mkdir aa
  xd@ubuntu:~$ mkdir bb
  xd@ubuntu:~$ touch test.txt
  xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
  aa  Desktop    Downloads  Pictures  Templates  Videos
  bb  Documents  Music      Public    test.txt
  xd@ubuntu:~$ mv test.txt ./test1.txt
  xd@ubuntu:~$ ls
  aa  Desktop    Downloads  Pictures  Templates  Videos
  bb  Documents  Music      Public    test1.txt

Linux命令的格式和命令帮助手册查看

Linux命令格式

• cmd -option parameter

• cmd：命令，就是一个操作

• parameter一般时要做的对象

• option一般是用来修饰parameter

• rm --help

• man ls：q 退出