Oracle: SQL精妙SQL语句讲解

一、重复操作查询
--where条件得distinct systemdicid作为唯一标识
select *
  from dmis_zd_systemdic t
WHERE typeid = '06012'
   and t.systemdicid in (select min(systemdicid)
                           from dmis_zd_systemdic
                          where typeid = '06012'
                          group by name)
order by orderno;
二、检查表是否存在
select count(tname) from tab where tname = upper('表名');
三、日期函数
--返回当前日期年度的第一天
select trunc(sysdate,'year') from dual;
--返回当前日期月份的第一天
select trunc(sysdate,'month') from dual;
--上月最后一天
select last_day(add_months(sysdate, -1)) from dual;
--给定日期后最近星期几得日期
select next_day(to_date('2009-12-01', 'yyyy-mm-dd'), '星期一') next_day
from dual;
四、同一张表中，根据一个字段更新另一个字段
update (select t.fgenerationtime as ftime, t.fgeneratedateall as str
          from dmis_fs_approvebook t
         where t.fgenerationtime is not null)
   set str = TO_CHAR(ftime, 'yyyy-mm-dd')
where str is null;
五、重复数据查询
select * FROM EMP E
WHERE E.ROWID > (SELECT MIN(X.ROWID)
FROM EMP X
WHERE X.EMP_NO = E.EMP_NO);
六、合并不同表的数据（merge  into）
merge into student s
using (select id, name, tel from test001) x
on (s.s_id = x.id)
when matched then
  update set s_name = x.name
when not matched then
  insert (s_id, s_name, s_age) values (x.id, x.name, x.tel);
commit;
七、查询执行sql（v$sql）
select t.module, t.first_load_time, t.sql_text
  from v$sql t
order by first_load_time desc;
2、数据库精度修改处理
-- Create table
/*drop table temp_data;*/
create table temp_data
(
  FID      VARCHAR2(40) not null,
  USEHOURS NUMBER(10) default 0,
  FVOLTAGE NUMBER(10) default 0,
  INVOLTAGE NUMBER(10) default 0
)
;
alter table TEMP_DATA
  add constraint tempfid primary key (FID);

insert into temp_data
  select a.fid, a.usehours, a.fvoltage, a.involtage
    from dmis_fs_factorymonthdetail a;

update dmis_fs_factorymonthdetail t
   set t.usehours = '', t.fvoltage = '', t.involtage = '';

alter table DMIS_FS_FACTORYMONTHDETAIL modify USEHOURS NUMBER(10,1);
alter table DMIS_FS_FACTORYMONTHDETAIL modify FVOLTAGE NUMBER(10,1);
alter table DMIS_FS_FACTORYMONTHDETAIL modify INVOLTAGE NUMBER(10,1);

update (select a.usehours  as tusehours,
               b.usehours  as fusehours,
               a.fvoltage  as tfvoltage,
               b.fvoltage  as ffvoltage,
               a.involtage as tinvoltage,
               b.involtage as finvoltage,
               a.fid       as ffid,
               b.fid       as tfid
          from dmis_fs_factorymonthdetail a, temp_data b
         where a.fid = b.fid) tt
   set tt.tusehours  = tt.fusehours,
       tt.tfvoltage  = tt.ffvoltage,
       tt.tinvoltage = tt.finvoltage
where ffid = tfid;
 
drop table temp_data;
commit;

3、恢复drop掉的存储过程
用sys用户登陆，执行如下的查询：
SQL> select text from dba_source as of timestamp to_timestamp('2009-03-06 09:45:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') where owner='IPRA' and name= 'P_IPACCHECK_NC' order by line;
4、删除某个用户下的对象
--删除某个用户下的对象 
set heading off; 
set feedback off; 
spool c:\dropobj.sql; 
  prompt --Drop constraint 
select 'alter table '||table_name||' drop constraint '||constraint_name||' ;' from user_constraints where constraint_type='R'; 
prompt --Drop tables 
select 'drop table '||table_name ||';' from user_tables;  
  
prompt --Drop view 
select 'drop view ' ||view_name||';' from user_views; 
  
prompt --Drop sequence 
select




--行列转换 行转列
DROP TABLE t_change_lc;
CREATE TABLE t_change_lc (card_code VARCHAR2(3), q NUMBER, bal NUMBER);
INSERT INTO t_change_lc
SELECT '001' card_code, ROWNUM q, trunc(dbms_random.VALUE * 100) bal FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 4
UNION
SELECT '002' card_code, ROWNUM q, trunc(dbms_random.VALUE * 100) bal FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 4;
SELECT * FROM t_change_lc;
SELECT a.card_code,
SUM(decode(a.q, 1, a.bal, 0)) q1,
SUM(decode(a.q, 2, a.bal, 0)) q2,
SUM(decode(a.q, 3, a.bal, 0)) q3,
SUM(decode(a.q, 4, a.bal, 0)) q4
FROM t_change_lc a
GROUP BY a.card_code
ORDER BY 1;

--行列转换 列转行
DROP TABLE t_change_cl;
CREATE TABLE t_change_cl AS
SELECT a.card_code,
SUM(decode(a.q, 1, a.bal, 0)) q1,
SUM(decode(a.q, 2, a.bal, 0)) q2,
SUM(decode(a.q, 3, a.bal, 0)) q3,
SUM(decode(a.q, 4, a.bal, 0)) q4
FROM t_change_lc a
GROUP BY a.card_code
ORDER BY 1;
SELECT * FROM t_change_cl;
SELECT t.card_code,
t.rn q,
decode(t.rn, 1, t.q1, 2, t.q2, 3, t.q3, 4, t.q4) bal
FROM (SELECT a.*, b.rn
FROM t_change_cl a,
(SELECT ROWNUM rn FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 4) b) t
ORDER BY 1, 2;

--行列转换 行转列 合并
DROP TABLE t_change_lc_comma;
CREATE TABLE t_change_lc_comma AS SELECT card_code,'quarter_'||q AS q FROM t_change_lc;
SELECT * FROM t_change_lc_comma;
SELECT t1.card_code, substr(MAX(sys_connect_by_path(t1.q, ';')), 2) q
FROM (SELECT a.card_code,
a.q,
row_number() over(PARTITION BY a.card_code ORDER BY a.q) rn
FROM t_change_lc_comma a) t1
START WITH t1.rn = 1
CONNECT BY t1.card_code = PRIOR t1.card_code
AND t1.rn - 1 = PRIOR t1.rn
GROUP BY t1.card_code;

--行列转换 列转行 分割
DROP TABLE t_change_cl_comma;
CREATE TABLE t_change_cl_comma AS
SELECT t1.card_code, substr(MAX(sys_connect_by_path(t1.q, ';')), 2) q
FROM (SELECT a.card_code,
a.q,
row_number() over(PARTITION BY a.card_code ORDER BY a.q) rn
FROM t_change_lc_comma a) t1
START WITH t1.rn = 1
CONNECT BY t1.card_code = PRIOR t1.card_code
AND t1.rn - 1 = PRIOR t1.rn
GROUP BY t1.card_code;
SELECT * FROM t_change_cl_comma;
SELECT t.card_code,
substr(t.q,
instr(';' || t.q, ';', 1, rn),
instr(t.q || ';', ';', 1, rn) - instr(';' || t.q, ';', 1, rn)) q
FROM (SELECT a.card_code, a.q, b.rn
FROM t_change_cl_comma a,
(SELECT ROWNUM rn FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM <= 100) b
WHERE instr(';' || a.q, ';', 1, rn) > 0) t
ORDER BY 1, 2;

-- 实现一条记录根据条件多表插入
DROP TABLE t_ia_src;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_src AS SELECT 'a'||ROWNUM c1, 'b'||ROWNUM c2 FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM<=5;
DROP TABLE t_ia_dest_1;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_dest_1(flag VARCHAR2(10) , c VARCHAR2(10));
DROP TABLE t_ia_dest_2;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_dest_2(flag VARCHAR2(10) , c VARCHAR2(10));
DROP TABLE t_ia_dest_3;
CREATE TABLE t_ia_dest_3(flag VARCHAR2(10) , c VARCHAR2(10));
SELECT * FROM t_ia_src;
SELECT * FROM t_ia_dest_1;
SELECT * FROM t_ia_dest_2;
SELECT * FROM t_ia_dest_3;
INSERT ALL
WHEN (c1 IN ('a1','a3')) THEN
INTO t_ia_dest_1(flag,c) VALUES(flag1,c2)
WHEN (c1 IN ('a2','a4')) THEN
INTO t_ia_dest_2(flag,c) VALUES(flag2,c2)
ELSE
INTO t_ia_dest_3(flag,c) VALUES(flag1||flag2,c1||c2)
SELECT c1,c2, 'f1' flag1, 'f2' flag2 FROM t_ia_src;

-- 如果存在就更新，不存在就插入用一个语句实现
DROP TABLE t_mg;
CREATE TABLE t_mg(code VARCHAR2(10), NAME VARCHAR2(10));
SELECT * FROM t_mg;
MERGE INTO t_mg a
USING (SELECT 'the code' code, 'the name' NAME FROM dual) b
ON (a.code = b.code)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET a.NAME = b.NAME
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (code, NAME) VALUES (b.code, b.NAME);

-- 抽取/删除重复记录
DROP TABLE t_dup;
CREATE TABLE t_dup AS SELECT 'code_'||ROWNUM code, dbms_random.string('z',5) NAME FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM<=10;
INSERT INTO t_dup SELECT 'code_'||ROWNUM code, dbms_random.string('z',5) NAME FROM dual CONNECT BY ROWNUM<=2;
SELECT * FROM t_dup;
SELECT * FROM t_dup a WHERE a.ROWID <> (SELECT MIN(b.ROWID) FROM t_dup b WHERE a.code=b.code);
SELECT b.code, b.NAME
FROM (SELECT a.code,
a.NAME,
row_number() over(PARTITION BY a.code ORDER BY a.ROWID) rn
FROM t_dup a) b
WHERE b.rn > 1;
-- IN/EXISTS的不同适用环境
-- t_orders.customer_id有索引
SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE a.employee_id IN
(SELECT b.sales_rep_id FROM t_orders b WHERE b.customer_id = 12);
SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1
FROM t_orders b
WHERE b.customer_id = 12
AND a.employee_id = b.sales_rep_id);
-- t_employees.department_id有索引
SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE a.department_id = 10
AND EXISTS
(SELECT 1 FROM t_orders b WHERE a.employee_id = b.sales_rep_id);
SELECT a.*
FROM t_employees a
WHERE a.department_id = 10
AND a.employee_id IN (SELECT b.sales_rep_id FROM t_orders b);
-- FBI
DROP TABLE t_fbi;
CREATE TABLE t_fbi AS
SELECT ROWNUM rn, dbms_random.STRING('z',10) NAME , SYSDATE + dbms_random.VALUE * 10 dt FROM dual
CONNECT BY ROWNUM <=10;
CREATE INDEX idx_nonfbi ON t_fbi(dt);
DROP INDEX idx_fbi_1;
CREATE INDEX idx_fbi_1 ON t_fbi(trunc(dt));
SELECT * FROM t_fbi WHERE trunc(dt) = to_date('2006-09-21','yyyy-mm-dd') ;
-- 不建议使用
SELECT * FROM t_fbi WHERE to_char(dt, 'yyyy-mm-dd') = '2006-09-21';
-- LOOP中的COMMIT/ROLLBACK
DROP TABLE t_loop PURGE;
create TABLE t_loop AS SELECT * FROM user_objects WHERE 1=2;
SELECT * FROM t_loop;
-- 逐行提交
DECLARE
BEGIN
FOR cur IN (SELECT * FROM user_objects) LOOP
INSERT INTO t_loop VALUES cur;
COMMIT;
END LOOP;
END;

-- 模拟批量提交
DECLARE
v_count NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR cur IN (SELECT * FROM user_objects) LOOP
INSERT INTO t_loop VALUES cur;
v_count := v_count + 1;
IF v_count >= 100 THEN
COMMIT;
END IF;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;

-- 真正的批量提交
DECLARE
CURSOR cur IS
SELECT * FROM user_objects;
TYPE rec IS TABLE OF user_objects%ROWTYPE;
recs rec;
BEGIN
OPEN cur;
WHILE (TRUE) LOOP
FETCH cur BULK COLLECT
INTO recs LIMIT 100;

-- forall 实现批量
FORALL i IN 1 .. recs.COUNT
INSERT INTO t_loop VALUES recs (i);
COMMIT;
EXIT WHEN cur%NOTFOUND;
END LOOP;
CLOSE cur;
END;

-- 悲观锁定/乐观锁定
DROP TABLE t_lock PURGE;
CREATE TABLE t_lock AS SELECT 1 ID FROM dual;
SELECT * FROM t_lock;

-- 常见的实现逻辑，隐含bug
DECLARE
v_cnt NUMBER;
BEGIN

-- 这里有并发性的bug
SELECT MAX(ID) INTO v_cnt FROM t_lock;
-- here for other operation
v_cnt := v_cnt + 1;
INSERT INTO t_lock (ID) VALUES (v_cnt);
COMMIT;
END;

-- 高并发环境下，安全的实现逻辑
DECLARE
v_cnt NUMBER;
BEGIN

-- 对指定的行取得lock
SELECT ID INTO v_cnt FROM t_lock WHERE ID=1 FOR UPDATE;

-- 在有lock的情况下继续下面的操作
SELECT MAX(ID) INTO v_cnt FROM t_lock;
-- here for other operation
v_cnt := v_cnt + 1;
INSERT INTO t_lock (ID) VALUES (v_cnt);
COMMIT; --提交并且释放lock
END;

-- 硬解析/软解析
DROP TABLE t_hard PURGE;
CREATE TABLE t_hard (ID INT);
SELECT * FROM t_hard;
DECLARE
sql_1 VARCHAR2(200);
BEGIN
-- hard parse
-- java中的同等语句是 Statement.execute()
FOR i IN 1 .. 1000 LOOP
sql_1 := 'insert into t_hard(id) values(' || i || ')';
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sql_1;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
-- soft parse
--java中的同等语句是 PreparedStatement.execute()
sql_1 := 'insert into t_hard(id) values(:id)';
FOR i IN 1 .. 1000 LOOP
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE sql_1
USING i;
END LOOP;
COMMIT;
END;

-- 正确的分页算法
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
FROM (SELECT * FROM t_employees ORDER BY first_name) a
WHERE ROWNUM <= 500)
WHERE rn > 480 ;

-- 分页算法(why not this one)
SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
FROM (SELECT * FROM t_employees ORDER BY first_name) a
WHERE ROWNUM <= 500 AND ROWNUM > 480;

-- 分页算法(why not this one)
SELECT b.*
FROM (SELECT a.*, ROWNUM rn
FROM t_employees a
WHERE ROWNUM < = 500
ORDER BY first_name) b
WHERE b.rn > 480;
-- OLAP

-- 小计合计
SELECT CASE
WHEN a.deptno IS NULL THEN
'合计'
WHEN a.deptno IS NOT NULL AND a.empno IS NULL THEN
'小计'
ELSE
'' || a.deptno
END deptno,
a.empno,
a.ename,
SUM(a.sal) total_sal
FROM scott.emp a
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((a.deptno),(a.deptno, a.empno, a.ename),());

-- 分组排序
SELECT a.deptno,
a.empno,
a.ename,
a.sal,
-- 可跳跃的rank
rank() over(PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY a.sal DESC) r1,
-- 密集型rank
dense_rank() over(PARTITION BY a.deptno ORDER BY a.sal DESC) r2,
-- 不分组排序
rank() over(ORDER BY sal DESC) r3
FROM scott.emp a
ORDER BY a.deptno,a.sal DESC;
-- 当前行数据和前/后n行的数据比较
SELECT a.empno,
a.ename,
a.sal,
-- 上面一行
lag(a.sal) over(ORDER BY a.sal DESC) lag_1,
-- 下面三行
lead(a.sal, 3) over(ORDER BY a.sal DESC) lead_3
FROM scott.emp a
ORDER BY a.sal DESC;