新建Django项目+本地Mysql数据库demo

1、当前路径下指定虚拟环境激活

a123456@zbMacBook-Pro demo % source /Users/a123456/pyenv/django_xb//bin/activate
(django_xb) a123456@zbMacBook-Pro demo % pip list
Package            Version
------------------ ----------
asgiref            3.11.0
certifi            2025.11.12
cffi               2.0.0
charset-normalizer 3.4.4
cryptography       46.0.3
Django             3.2.16
idna               3.11
pip                25.3
pycparser          2.23
PyMySQL            1.0.2
pytz               2025.2
requests           2.32.5
setuptools         65.5.1
sqlparse           0.5.5
urllib3            2.6.2
wheel              0.38.4

2、执行 Django 项目创建命令，<project_name>替换为你的项目名称

django-admin startproject <project_name>
(django_xb) a123456@zbMacBook-Pro demo % django-admin startproject django_xb

3、Django项目下，新建模块

python manage.py startapp tools

3.1 目录结构

tools/
├── __init__.py       # 标识该目录为Python包
├── admin.py          # 配置Django后台管理该app的模型
├── apps.py           # app的核心配置文件（包含app元数据）
├── migrations/       # 存储模型迁移文件（数据库同步相关）
│   └── __init__.py
├── models.py         # 定义app的数据模型（对应数据库表）
├── tests.py          # 编写该app的单元测试用例
└── views.py          # 编写该app的视图逻辑（处理请求、返回响应）

4、注册app+配置数据库链接，找到主项目目录下的setting.py文件

# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'tools'
]

# Database
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'django_demo',
        "USER": 'root',
        "PASSWORD": "123456",
        "HOST": 'localhost', 
        "PORT": 3306,
        "CHARSET": "UTF-8"
    },
}

注意：这时候启动项目有个坑，启动django项目的时候报错

# python manage.py runserver  0.0.0.0:8080
Connected to pydev debugger (build 231.9011.38)
Watching for file changes with StatReloader
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/a123456/pyenv/django_xb/lib/python3.11/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 15, in <module>
    import MySQLdb as Database
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'MySQLdb'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

解决方法：找到主项目下的初始化文件__init__.py

import pymysql
# 让 Django 把 pymysql 当作 MySQLdb 来使用
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

5、新模块定义数据模型 models.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.   
class Emp(models.Model):
    id = models.CharField(max_length=50, primary_key=True, verbose_name="主键ID")
    name = models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name="员工名称")
    age = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="年龄")

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'emp'
        verbose_name = "员工表"

5.1 生成迁移文件 

# 生成迁移文件
python manage.py makemigrations
# 指定模块生成迁移文件
python manage.py makemigrations tools
# 执行迁移
python manage.py migrate

6、编写视图函数 views.py

from django.http import JsonResponse
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
from django.views.decorators.http import require_GET
from .models import Emp

@csrf_exempt
@require_GET
def emp_list(request):
    """获取员工列表"""
    emps = Emp.objects.all().values()
    return JsonResponse({
        'code': 0,
        'msg': "员工列表",
        'data': list(emps)
    })

7、新模块下创建urls.py

from django.urls import path
from .views import emp_list
app_name = 'tools'
urlpatterns = [
    path('emp/list', emp_list, name="emp_list"),
]

8、将路由配置到主项目下的urls

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('tools/', include('tools.urls')),#新模块路由配置到这里
]

9、启动项目

(django_xb) a123456@zbMacBook-Pro django_zb % python manage.py runserver  0.0.0.0:8080
Watching for file changes with StatReloader
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
December 31, 2025 - 06:52:22
Django version 3.2.16, using settings 'django_zb.settings'
Starting development server at http://0.0.0.0:8080/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

10、接口访问

 11、学习后总结，待补充