算法学习(12)：最近公共祖先(LCA)

最近公共祖先（LCA）

倍增算法

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#define MXN 50007
using namespace std;
std::vector<int> v[MXN];
std::vector<int> w[MXN];

int fa[MXN][31], cost[MXN][31], dep[MXN];
int n, m;
int a, b, c;
void dfs(int root, int fno) {
  fa[root][0] = fno;
  dep[root] = dep[fa[root][0]] + 1;
  for (int i = 1; i < 31; ++i) {
    fa[root][i] = fa[fa[root][i - 1]][i - 1];
    cost[root][i] = cost[fa[root][i - 1]][i - 1] + cost[root][i - 1];
  }
  int sz = v[root].size();
  for (int i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
    if (v[root][i] == fno) continue;
    cost[v[root][i]][0] = w[root][i];
    dfs(v[root][i], root);
  }
}
int lca(int x, int y) {
  if (dep[x] > dep[y]) swap(x, y);
  int tmp = dep[y] - dep[x], ans = 0;
  for (int j = 0; tmp; ++j, tmp >>= 1)
    if (tmp & 1) ans += cost[y][j], y = fa[y][j];
  if (y == x) return ans;
  for (int j = 30; j >= 0 && y != x; --j) {
    if (fa[x][j] != fa[y][j]) {
      ans += cost[x][j] + cost[y][j];
      x = fa[x][j];
      y = fa[y][j];
    }
  }
  ans += cost[x][0] + cost[y][0];
  return ans;
}
int main() {
  memset(fa, 0, sizeof(fa));
  memset(cost, 0, sizeof(cost));
  memset(dep, 0, sizeof(dep));
  scanf("%d", &n);
  for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
    scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c);
    ++a, ++b;
    v[a].push_back(b);
    v[b].push_back(a);
    w[a].push_back(c);
    w[b].push_back(c);
  }
  dfs(1, 0);
  scanf("%d", &m);
  for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
    scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
    ++a, ++b;
    printf("%d\n", lca(a, b));
  }
  return 0;
}

Tarjan算法

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Edge {
 public:
  int toVertex, fromVertex;
  int next;
  int LCA;
  Edge() : toVertex(-1), fromVertex(-1), next(-1), LCA(-1){};
  Edge(int u, int v, int n) : fromVertex(u), toVertex(v), next(n), LCA(-1){};
};

const int MAX = 100;
int head[MAX], queryHead[MAX];
Edge edge[MAX], queryEdge[MAX];
int parent[MAX], visited[MAX];
int vertexCount, edgeCount, queryCount;

void init() {
  for (int i = 0; i <= vertexCount; i++) {
    parent[i] = i;
  }
}

int find(int x) {
  if (parent[x] == x) {
    return x;
  } else {
    return find(parent[x]);
  }
}

void tarjan(int u) {
  parent[u] = u;
  visited[u] = 1;

  for (int i = head[u]; i != -1; i = edge[i].next) {
    Edge& e = edge[i];
    if (!visited[e.toVertex]) {
      tarjan(e.toVertex);
      parent[e.toVertex] = u;
    }
  }

  for (int i = queryHead[u]; i != -1; i = queryEdge[i].next) {
    Edge& e = queryEdge[i];
    if (visited[e.toVertex]) {
      queryEdge[i ^ 1].LCA = e.LCA = find(e.toVertex);
    }
  }
}

int main() {
  memset(head, 0xff, sizeof(head));
  memset(queryHead, 0xff, sizeof(queryHead));

  cin >> vertexCount >> edgeCount >> queryCount;
  int count = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < edgeCount; i++) {
    int start = 0, end = 0;
    cin >> start >> end;

    edge[count] = Edge(start, end, head[start]);
    head[start] = count;
    count++;

    edge[count] = Edge(end, start, head[end]);
    head[end] = count;
    count++;
  }

  count = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < queryCount; i++) {
    int start = 0, end = 0;
    cin >> start >> end;

    queryEdge[count] = Edge(start, end, queryHead[start]);
    queryHead[start] = count;
    count++;

    queryEdge[count] = Edge(end, start, queryHead[end]);
    queryHead[end] = count;
    count++;
  }

  init();
  tarjan(1);

  for (int i = 0; i < queryCount; i++) {
    Edge& e = queryEdge[i * 2];
    cout << "(" << e.fromVertex << "," << e.toVertex << ") " << e.LCA << endl;
  }

  return 0;
}

树链剖分

LCA 为两个游标跳转到同一条重链上时深度较小的那个游标所指向的点。