11.Django之Ajax
Ajax介绍
Ajax(Asynchronous Javascript And XML) 翻译成中文就是'异步的Javascript和XML'就是使用Javascript语言进行异步交互,传输的数据为XML(当然,传输的数据不只是XML,更多的是使用json数据)
Ajax不是新编程语言,而是使用现有标准的新方法.
Ajax最大的优点是不重新加载整个页面的情况下,可以跟服务器进行数据交换数据并更新部分网页内容
Ajax不需要任何浏览器插件,但是要允许Javascript在浏览器上执行
同步交互: 客户端发出一个请求后,需要等待服务器响应结束,就可以发出第二个请求
异步交互 :客户端发出一个请求后,无需等待服务器响应结束,就可以发出第二个请求
最主要的功能就是浏览器页面局部刷新
HTML名字为ajax_dome.html
{% load static %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <input type="text" id="i1">+ <input type="text" id="i2">= <input type="text" id="i3"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="button" value="AJAX提交" id="b1"> </body> <script src={% static 'js/jquery.js' %}></script> <script> $("#b1").on('click',function(){ $.ajax({ url:'/ajax_add/', type:'POST', data:{'i1':$("#i1").val(),'i2':$("#i2").val(),'csrfmiddlewaretoken':$('input[name =csrfmiddlewaretoken ]').val()}, success:function (data) { console.log(data); $("#i3").val(data); } }) }) </script> </html>
views.py内容
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from django.http import JsonResponse def ajax_dome(request): return render(request,'ajax_dome.html') def ajax_add(request): i1 = int(request.POST.get("i1")) i2 = int(request.POST.get("i2")) ret = i1+i2 print(ret) return JsonResponse(ret,safe=False)
urls.py内容
from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^ajax_add/',views.ajax_add,name='ajax_add'), url(r'^ajax_dome/',views.ajax_dome,name='ajax_dome'), ]
登录验证作业
写一个登陆认证页面,登陆失败不刷新页面,提示用户登陆失败,登陆成功自动跳转到网站首页。
login.html
{% load static %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {% csrf_token %} 用户名: <input type="text" id="username"> 密码: <input type="password" id="password"> <button id="sub">登录</button> <span id="msg" style="color: red;font-size: 12px"></span> </body> <script src="{% static 'js/jquery.js' %}"></script> <script> $('#sub').click(function(){ var uname = $('#username').val(); var pwd = $('#password').val(); var scrf_token = $('input[name =csrfmiddlewaretoken ]').val(); $.ajax({ url:"{% url 'login' %}", type:'post', data:{'uname':uname,'pwd':pwd,'csrfmiddlewaretoken':scrf_token}, success:function(response){ console.log(response,typeof response); if (response.status){ $('#msg').text('成功了'); location.href = response['home_url'] } else { $('#msg').text('失败了,检查一下输入的内容') } } }) }) </script> </html>
home.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>欢迎来到18期</h1> </body> </html>
models.py
from django.db import models class UserInfo(models.Model): id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) name = models.CharField(max_length=32) password = models.CharField(max_length=12)
urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login/',views.login,name='login'), url(r'^home/',views.home,name='home') ]
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from app01 import models from django.urls import reverse from django.http import JsonResponse def login(request): if request.method == 'GET': return render(request,'login.html') else: a = {'status':None,'home_url':None} username = request.POST.get('uname') password = request.POST.get('pwd') print(username) print(password) ret = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=username,password=password) if ret.exists(): a['status'] = True a['home_url'] = reverse('home') return JsonResponse(a) else: return HttpResponse('fail')
Ajax请求设置csrf_token
第一种方式
通过获取隐藏的input标签中的csrfmiddlewaretoken值,放置在data中发送
$.ajax({ url: '/login/', type: "POST", data:{ 'username':'alex', 'password':'123', 'csrfmiddlewaretoken':$("input[name='csrfmiddlewaretoken']").val() }, success:function(data){ console.log(data); } })
第二种方式
通过获取返回的cookie中的字符串 放置在请求头中发送
需要引入jquery.cookie.js插件
$.ajax({ url: '/login/', type: 'POST', headers:{"X-CSRFToken":$.cookie('csrftoken')}, data: {'username':'alex','password':'123'}, success:function(data){ console.log(data) } })
自己写一个getCookie方法
function getCookie(name){ var cookieValue = null; if (document.cookie && document.cookie !== ''){ var cookies = document.cookies.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i<cookies.length; i++){ var cookie = jQuery.trim(cookies[i]); if (cookie.substring(0,name.length +1)===(name +'=')){ cookieValue = decodeURIComponent(cokkie.substring(name.length + 1)) } } } return cookieValue; } var csrftoken = getCookie('csrftoken')
Ajax文件上传
请求头ContentType
1.application/x-www-form-urlencoded
这应该是最常见的 POST 提交数据的方式了
POST http://www.example.com HTTP/1.1 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8 user=alex&age=21
2.multipart/form-data
POST http://www.example.com HTTP/1.1 Content-Type:multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryrGKCBY7qhFd3TrwA ------WebKitFormBoundaryrGKCBY7qhFd3TrwA Content-Disposition: form-data; name="user" alex ------WebKitFormBoundaryrGKCBY7qhFd3TrwA Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="alex.png" Content-Type: image/png PNG ... content of chrome.png ... ------WebKitFormBoundaryrGKCBY7qhFd3TrwA--
3.application/json
服务端消息主体是序列化后的 JSON 字符串
urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ # url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^upload/',views.upload,name='upload') ]
uplaod.html
{% load static %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css' %}"> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"> <div id="d1" style="margin-top: 100px;"></div> <form class="form-horizontal" method="post" action="{% url 'upload' %}" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} <div class="form-group"> <label for="inputEmail3" class="col-sm-2 control-label">用户名</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputEmail3" placeholder="用户名" name="username"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="inputPassword3" class="col-sm-2 control-label">头像</label> <div class="col-sm-10"> <input type="file" id="inputPassword3" placeholder="文件" name="file_obj"> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <div class="col-sm-offset-2 col-sm-10"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">提交</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </body> <script src="{% static 'bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js' %}"></script> <script src="{% static 'js/jquery.js' %}"></script> </html>
第二种写法
{% load static %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css' %}"> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3"> <div id="d1" style="margin-top: 100px;"></div> {% csrf_token %} <div>用户名: <input type="text" name="username"></div> <div>文件: <input type="file" name="file_obj"></div> <button id="sub">上传</button> </div> </div> </div> </body> <script src="{% static 'bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js' %}"></script> <script src="{% static 'js/jquery.js' %}"></script> <script src="{% static 'js/jquery.cookie.js' %}"></script> <script> $("sub").click(function () { var name = $('input[name="username"]').val(); var file = $('input[type="file"]')[0].files[0]; var csrf = $('input[name="csrfmiddlewaretoken"]').val(); var formdata = new FormData(); formdata.append('username',name); formdata.append('file_obj',file); formdata.append('csrfmiddlewaretoken',csrf); $.ajax({ url:"{% url 'upload' %}", type:'post', data:formdata, processData:false, contentType:false, // headers:{ // 'X-CSRFToken':$.cookie('csrf_token'), // }, success:function(response){ } }) }) </script> </html>
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse import os from upload import settings # Create your views here. def upload(request): if request.method=='GET': return render(request,'uplaod.html') else: username = request.POST.get('username') file_obj = request.FILES.get('file_obj') print(request.FILES) print(username) print(file_obj,type(file_obj)) file_name = file_obj.name path = os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR,'statics','img',file_name) with open(path,'wb') as f: for i in file_obj: f.write(i) #for chunck in file_obj.chunks(): #一次性最大发送65516B大小数据 # f.write(i) return HttpResponse('ok')
关于json
JSON是指JavaScript对象表示法(JavaScript Object Notation)
JSON是轻量级的文本数据交换格式
JSON独立于语言
json数据类型和python数据类型对比
python中的datetime等时间日期类型是不能进行json序列化的,因为json没有对应的格式
不合格的JSON格式
- 属性名必须使用双引号
- 不能使用十六进制值
- 不能使用undefined
- 不能使用函数和日期对象
普通字符串和json字符串进行序列化的时候的区别
import json # s = "{'name:'alex','age':18}" # ret = json.loads(s) #json.decoder.JSONDecodeError: Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1) # print(ret) s = '{"name":"alex","age":18}' ret = json.loads(s) print(ret) #{'name': 'alex', 'age': 18}
json时间类型转换
import json from datetime import datetime from datetime import date #对含有日期格式数据的json数据进行转换 class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self, field): if isinstance(field,datetime): return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') elif isinstance(field,date): return field.strftime('%Y-%m-%d') else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field) d1 = datetime.now() dd = json.dumps(d1,cls=JsonCustomEncoder) print(dd)
Sweetalert插件
{% load static %} <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css' %}"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'plugins/bootstrap-sweetalert-master/dist/sweetalert.css' %}"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'plugins/bootstrap-sweetalert-master/lib/sweet-alert.less' %}"> </head> <body> <button class="btn btn-danger">删除</button> </body> <script src="{% static 'bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js' %}"></script> <script src="{% static 'js/jquery.js' %}"></script> <script src="{% static 'plugins/bootstrap-sweetalert-master/dist/sweetalert.js' %}"></script> <script> $(".btn").on("click", function () { swal({ title: "你确定要删除吗?", text: "删除可就找不回来了哦!", type: "warning", showCancelButton: true, confirmButtonClass: "btn-danger", confirmButtonText: "删除", cancelButtonText: "取消", closeOnConfirm: false }, function () { var deleteId = $(this).parent().parent().attr("data_id"); $.ajax({ url:"{% url 'selete_book' %}", type: 'post', data:{'id':deleteId}, success:function (data) { if (data.status === 1){ swal("删除成功!", "你可以准备跑路了!", "success") } else { swal("删除失败", "你可以再尝试一下!", "error") } } }) } ); }) </script> </html>