关于Linux下的环境变量

一、交互式shell和非交互式shell

要搞清bashrc与profile的区别，首先要弄明白什么是交互式shell和非交互式shell，什么是login shell 和non-login shell。

【交互模式】

交互式模式就是shell等待你的输入，并且执行你提交的命令。这种模式被称作交互式是因为shell与用户进行交互。这种模式也是大多数用户非常熟悉的：登录、执行一些命令、签退。当你签退后，shell也终止了。 

【非交互模式】

shell也可以运行在另外一种模式：非交互式模式。在这种模式下，shell不与你进行交互，而是读取存放在文件中的命令,并且执行它们。当它读到文件的结尾，shell也就终止了。

bashrc与profile都用于保存用户的环境信息，bashrc用于交互式non-loginshell，而profile用于交互式login shell。

二、几种环境变量配置文件

/etc/profile和/etc/bashrc都是对所有用户生效！

~/.bash_profile和~/.bashrc只对当前用户生效。~表示当前用户的家目录。

/etc/profile中设置的变量（全局）可以作用于任何用户，而~/.bashrc中设置的变量（局部）只能继承/etc/profile中的变量，它们是父子关系。

~/.bash_profile是交互式、login方式进入bash运行的；

~/.bashrc是交互式、non-login方式进入bash运行的；

1.  /etc/profile

该文件为系统的每个用户设置环境信息，当用户第一次登录时，该文件被执行。并从/etc/profile.d目录的配置文件中搜集shell的设置。

[root@CentOS6 ~]# more /etc/profile
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

pathmunge () {
    case ":${PATH}:" in
        *:"$1":*)
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                PATH=$PATH:$1
            else
                PATH=$1:$PATH
            fi
    esac
}


if [ -x /usr/bin/id ]; then
    if [ -z "$EUID" ]; then
        # ksh workaround
        EUID=`id -u`
        UID=`id -ru`
    fi
    USER="`id -un`"
    LOGNAME=$USER
    MAIL="/var/spool/mail/$USER"
fi

# Path manipulation
if [ "$EUID" = "0" ]; then
    pathmunge /sbin
    pathmunge /usr/sbin
    pathmunge /usr/local/sbin
else
    pathmunge /usr/local/sbin after
    pathmunge /usr/sbin after
    pathmunge /sbin after
fi

HOSTNAME=`/bin/hostname 2>/dev/null`
HISTSIZE=1000
if [ "$HISTCONTROL" = "ignorespace" ] ; then
    export HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
else
    export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
fi

export PATH USER LOGNAME MAIL HOSTNAME HISTSIZE HISTCONTROL

# By default, we want umask to get set. This sets it for login shell
# Current threshold for system reserved uid/gids is 200
# You could check uidgid reservation validity in
# /usr/share/doc/setup-*/uidgid file
if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
    if [ -r "$i" ]; then
        if [ "${-#*i}" != "$-" ]; then
            . "$i"
        else
            . "$i" >/dev/null 2>&1
        fi
    fi
done

unset i
unset -f pathmunge

2.  /etc/bashrc

为每一个运行bash shell的用户执行此文件。当bash shell被打开时，该文件被读取。

# /etc/bashrc

# System wide functions and aliases
# Environment stuff goes in /etc/profile

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

# are we an interactive shell?
if [ "$PS1" ]; then
  if [ -z "$PROMPT_COMMAND" ]; then
    case $TERM in
    xterm*)
        if [ -e /etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-xterm ]; then
            PROMPT_COMMAND=/etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-xterm
        else
            PROMPT_COMMAND='printf "\033]0;%s@%s:%s\007" "${USER}" "${HOSTNAME%%.*}" "${PWD/#$HOME/~}"'
        fi
        ;;
    screen)
        if [ -e /etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-screen ]; then
            PROMPT_COMMAND=/etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-screen
        else
            PROMPT_COMMAND='printf "\033]0;%s@%s:%s\033\\" "${USER}" "${HOSTNAME%%.*}" "${PWD/#$HOME/~}"'
        fi
        ;;
    *)
        [ -e /etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-default ] && PROMPT_COMMAND=/etc/sysconfig/bash-prompt-default
        ;;
      esac
  fi
  # Turn on checkwinsize
  shopt -s checkwinsize
  [ "$PS1" = "\\s-\\v\\\$ " ] && PS1="[\u@\h \W]\\$ "
  # You might want to have e.g. tty in prompt (e.g. more virtual machines)
  # and console windows
  # If you want to do so, just add e.g.
  # if [ "$PS1" ]; then
  #   PS1="[\u@\h:\l \W]\\$ "
  # fi
  # to your custom modification shell script in /etc/profile.d/ directory
fi

if ! shopt -q login_shell ; then # We're not a login shell
    # Need to redefine pathmunge, it get's undefined at the end of /etc/profile
    pathmunge () {
        case ":${PATH}:" in
            *:"$1":*)
                ;;
            *)
                if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                    PATH=$PATH:$1
                else
                    PATH=$1:$PATH
                fi
        esac
    }

    # By default, we want umask to get set. This sets it for non-login shell.
    # Current threshold for system reserved uid/gids is 200
    # You could check uidgid reservation validity in
    # /usr/share/doc/setup-*/uidgid file
    if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`id -gn`" = "`id -un`" ]; then
       umask 002
    else
       umask 022
    fi

    # Only display echos from profile.d scripts if we are no login shell
    # and interactive - otherwise just process them to set envvars
    for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh; do
        if [ -r "$i" ]; then
            if [ "$PS1" ]; then
                . "$i"
            else
                . "$i" >/dev/null 2>&1
            fi
        fi
    done

    unset i
    unset pathmunge
fi
# vim:ts=4:sw=4

3. ~/.bash_profile

每个用户都可使用该文件输入专用于自己使用的shell信息。当用户登录时，该文件仅仅执行一次。默认情况下， 他设置一些环境变量，执行用户的

~/.bashrc文件。

[root@CentOS6 ~]# more ~/.bash_profile
# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
        . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/mysql/bin

export PATH

4.~/.bashrc

该文件包含专用于你的bash shell的bash信息。当登录时及每次打开新的shell时，该文件被读取。

每个用户都有一个~/.bashrc文件，在用户目录下。

[root@CentOS6 ~]# more ~/.bashrc
# .bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
        . /etc/bashrc
fi

5. ~/.bash_logout

当每次退出系统时（退出bash shell），执行该文件。

[root@CentOS6 ~]# more ~/.bash_logout
# ~/.bash_logout