研究表明:不停切换注意力会削弱记忆力,电子设备看太多会降低注意力
Constant attention switches can impair memory
持续切换注意力会削弱记忆力
The study explores the effect on memory of media multitasking as one's attention flits from place to place onscreen.
本研究探讨了媒体多任务处理对一个人的注意力在屏幕上从一个地方转移到另一个地方的记忆的影响
Experiment participants' focus was tracked by observation of their pupil size and brain activity.
通过观察实验参与者的瞳孔大小和大脑活动来跟踪他们的注意力
Remembering something is less likely when you're not really paying attention to your experience with it.
当你没有真正注意自己的经历时,记住一些事情的可能性就会降低
Just a few years ago, it was not unusual to run into people bragging about being multitaskers. You may also have found such people difficult to work with as they momentarily tuned out of chats or otherwise drifted away for a few frustrating moments. Recent research has found that multitasking actually means paying insufficient attention to, and doing a lousy job with, multiple things at once.
就在几年前,碰到人们吹嘘自己是多任务处理者并不稀奇。你也可能发现这些人很难共事,因为他们暂时不再聊天,或者因为一些令人沮丧的时刻离开了。最近的研究发现,一心多用实际上意味着同时对多件事情投入不够的注意力,同时做着糟糕的工作。
Now a new study from Stanford published in the journal Nature asserts that multitasking is even worse than that — it prevents young people from remembering what they've done and seen, especially when they're flipping from screen to screen.
如今,斯坦福大学在《自然》杂志(Nature)上发表的一项新研究断言,多任务处理甚至比这还要糟糕ーー它使年轻人无法记住自己做了什么和看了什么,尤其是当他们从一个屏幕翻到另一个屏幕时。
It's kind of akin to finding an object and realizing you have no memory of putting it there. It's a weird experience, but doing something when you're not paying attention — because you're not really present — can wind up feeling a lot like never having done it at all.
这有点类似于找到一个物体,然后意识到你没有把它放在那里的记忆。这是一种奇怪的体验,但是当你没有注意力的时候做一些事情ーー因为你没有真正在场ーー可能会让你感觉像从来没有做过一样。
The study looked specifically at the effect of "media multitasking" on memory. Media multitasking is what a person is doing when they move continually between screen-based activities: texting, checking Instagram, or watching a TikTok video, for example. The research suggests that these experiences may not quite stick.
这项研究特别关注“媒体多任务处理”对记忆的影响。媒体多任务处理是指一个人在屏幕活动之间不停地移动时所做的事情: 例如,发短信、查看 Instagram 或者看视频。研究表明,这些经历可能不会持久。
Even though we continually devour information, "As we navigate our lives, we have these periods in which we're frustrated because we're not able to bring knowledge to mind, expressing what we know," the study's senior investigator Anthony Wagner tells Stanford News. "Fortunately," he adds, "science now has tools that allow us to explain why an individual, from moment to moment, might fail to remember something stored in their memory."
该研究的高级调查员安东尼 · 瓦格纳告诉斯坦福新闻,尽管我们不断地吞噬信息,“当我们在生活中航行时,我们会有这样的时期,我们感到沮丧,因为我们无法将知识带入脑海,无法表达我们所知道的东西。”。“幸运的是,”他补充说,“科学现在有了工具,可以让我们解释为什么一个人,时时刻刻,可能无法记住他们记忆中储存的东西。”
The researchers recruited 80 study subjects, age 18 to 26. As these individuals participated in experimental exercises, researchers tracked their lapses in attention by monitoring their posterior alpha power brain wave activity and changes to the sizes of their pupils.
研究人员招募了80名研究对象,年龄从18岁到26岁不等。当这些个体参加实验练习时,研究人员通过监测他们后期的阿尔法功率脑电波活动和瞳孔大小的变化来追踪他们的注意力缺失。
Lead author Kevin Madore explains, "Increases in alpha power in the back of your skull have been related to attention lapses, mind wandering, distractibility and so forth. We also know that constrictions in pupil diameter — in particular before you do different tasks — are related to failures of performance like slower reaction times and more mind wandering." 主要作者凯文 · 马多尔解释说: “你头骨后部阿尔法力量的增加与注意力缺失、走神、注意力分散等等有关。我们还知道,瞳孔直径的收缩(尤其是在做不同任务之前)与表现不佳有关,比如反应速度较慢和更容易走神。”
As participants viewed a set of object images onscreen, they were tasked with classifying each image according to pleasantness or size. This was followed by a 10-minute break, after which they were presented with another set of images. They were asked to identify these images as either being new or having already been seen. This allowed the researchers to assess each individual's memory.
当参与者观看屏幕上的一组物体图像时,他们被要求根据愉悦程度或大小对每个图像进行分类。然后是10分钟的休息,之后是另一组图片。他们被要求辨认这些照片是新的还是已经被看过的。这使得研究人员能够评估每个人的记忆力。
Participants also filled out questionnaires that described their habitual media multitasking, and in which they were asked to state the degree to which they could successfully engage with multiple activities simultaneously.
参与者还填写了调查问卷,描述了他们的媒体多任务处理习惯,并要求他们说明他们能够成功地同时从事多种活动的程度。
Taking all this information together, the researchers found that people less able to sustain attention and those who reported being heavy media multitaskers both performed more poorly at memory tasks.
把所有这些信息放在一起,研究人员发现,那些不太能够保持注意力的人和那些自称是重度多任务处理者的人在记忆任务上都表现得更差。
Says Madore, "We can't say that heavier media multitasking causes difficulties with sustained attention and memory failures, though we are increasingly learning more about the directions of the interactions."
马多尔说,“我们不能说媒体的多任务处理会导致持续注意力和记忆力下降的困难,尽管我们越来越多地了解互动的方向。”
Wagner notes the key to all this may lie in other research that looks at how we prepare to remember what we wish to learn. He suggests remembering occurs most successfully when it's goal-oriented, when we're ready to store something in our minds.
瓦格纳指出,这一切的关键可能在于其他一些研究,这些研究着眼于我们如何准备记住我们希望学习的内容。他认为,当记忆是以目标为导向的时候,当我们准备在大脑中储存一些东西的时候,它发生的最为成功。
"While it's logical that attention is important for learning and for remembering, an important point here is that the things that happen even before you begin remembering are going to affect whether or not you can actually reactivate a memory that is relevant to your current goal," says Wagner.
瓦格纳说: “注意力对于学习和记忆很重要,这是合乎逻辑的,但重要的一点是,甚至在你开始记忆之前发生的事情,将会影响到你是否能够真正重新激活与你当前目标相关的记忆。”。
With this in mind, he says, paying attention to your attentiveness may help you stay aware and prepared to store new memories of what you're currently experiencing.
记住这一点,他说,关注你的注意力可以帮助你保持意识,并准备好储存你当前正在经历的新记忆。
Likewise, he suggests it may be possible to develop memory hacks that can enhance our capacity to remember. He cites the idea of attention training in which eye sensors alert their wearer to attention lapses as they occur, allowing the person to consciously refocus each time their mind wanders.
同样地,他建议也许可以开发一些记忆技巧来提高我们的记忆能力。他引用了注意力训练的概念,眼睛传感器在佩戴者出现注意力缺失时提醒佩戴者,让佩戴者每次走神时都能有意识地重新集中注意力。
While the current study explores the memories of young people, its insights may broadly apply. "We have an opportunity now," Wagner concludes, "to explore and understand how interactions between the brain's networks that support attention, the use of goals and memory relate to individual differences in memory in older adults both independent of, and in relation to, Alzheimer's disease."
虽然目前的研究探索的是年轻人的记忆,它的见解可能广泛适用。“我们现在有机会,”瓦格纳总结道,“去探索和理解支持注意力、目标和记忆的使用的大脑网络之间的相互作用是如何与老年人记忆中的个体差异相关的,这些个体差异既独立于阿尔茨海默氏病,又与阿尔茨海默氏病有关。”
之前还看过一个研究,对于小孩子,未入学前看电子设备(诸如电视、平板、手机等)时间越多,等到了上学的时候,注意力集中的能力越差。
我感觉这对于成年人也适用,尽管成年人已经获得了自控能力,但是看电子设备越多,自控能力会降低,注意力也会变得难以集中,工作效率也会变得低。
因此,一、少不停切换注意力,二、少看电子设备

浙公网安备 33010602011771号