pytorch深度学习入门（8）之-Torchaudio使用Tacotron2 文本转语音

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概述
本教程展示了如何使用 torchaudio 中预训练的 Tacotron2 构建文本到语音管道。
Tacotron2是一个端到端的语音合成神经网络结构，它由两部分组成，一部分由循环神经网络组成，应用Attention机制，自回归地产生mel谱序列，另一部分是修改后的Wavenet，将mel谱序列映射成音频。在Tacotron2中，首先使用50毫秒帧长，12.5毫秒帧移，汉宁窗截取，然后施加短时傅里叶变换（STFT）得出线性频谱。接着，使用频率范围在125赫兹到7.6K赫兹之间的80通道的梅尔滤波器组对STFT的线性频率进行过滤，后接对数函数进行范围压缩，从而把STFT幅度转换到梅尔刻度上。在进行对数压缩前，滤波器组的输出振幅被稳定到最小0.01以便限制其在对数域中的动态取值范围。最后，通过一个修改过的Wavenet声码器将mel谱映射成音频。Tacotron2实现了和groud Truth非常接近的自然度，MOS评测得分gd 4.58。

文本到语音的流程如下：
文本预处理
首先，输入文本被编码为符号列表。在本教程中，我们将使用英文字符和音素作为符号。

频谱图生成
根据编码文本生成频谱图。Tacotron2 我们为此使用模型。

时域转换
最后一步是将频谱图转换为波形。从声谱图生成语音的过程也称为声码器。在本教程中，使用了三种不同的声码器： WaveRNN、 GriffinLim和 Nvidia 的 WaveGlow。

下图说明了整个过程。

 

所有相关组件都捆绑在 中torchaudio.pipelines.Tacotron2TTSBundle，但本教程还将介绍幕后的过程。

准备
首先，我们安装必要的依赖项。除了 之外 torchaudio，DeepPhonemizer还需要执行基于音素的编码。

命令行下安装

pip3 install deep_phonemizer
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import torch
import torchaudio

torch.random.manual_seed(0)
device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"

print(torch.__version__)
print(torchaudio.__version__)
print(device)
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输出：

2.1.1
2.1.0
cuda
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import IPython
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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文本处理
基于字符的编码
在本节中，我们将介绍基于字符的编码的工作原理。

由于预训练的 Tacotron2 模型需要特定的符号表集，因此torchaudio. 本节更多的是对编码基础的解释。

首先，我们定义符号集。例如，我们可以使用’_-!‘(),.:;? abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz’ . 然后，我们将输入文本的每个字符映射到表中相应符号的索引中。

以下是此类处理的示例。在示例中，表中没有的符号将被忽略。

symbols = "_-!'(),.:;? abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
look_up = {s: i for i, s in enumerate(symbols)}
symbols = set(symbols)

def text_to_sequence(text):
text = text.lower()
return [look_up[s] for s in text if s in symbols]

text = "Hello world! Text to speech!"
print(text_to_sequence(text))
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输出

[19, 16, 23, 23, 26, 11, 34, 26, 29, 23, 15, 2, 11, 31, 16, 35, 31, 11, 31, 26, 11, 30, 27, 16, 16, 14, 19, 2]
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如上所述，符号表和索引必须与预训练的 Tacotron2 模型期望的相匹配。torchaudio提供转换以及预训练模型。例如，您可以实例化并使用此类转换，如下所示。

processor = torchaudio.pipelines.TACOTRON2_WAVERNN_CHAR_LJSPEECH.get_text_processor()

text = "Hello world! Text to speech!"
processed, lengths = processor(text)

print(processed)
print(lengths)
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输出

tensor([[19, 16, 23, 23, 26, 11, 34, 26, 29, 23, 15, 2, 11, 31, 16, 35, 31, 11,
31, 26, 11, 30, 27, 16, 16, 14, 19, 2]])
tensor([28], dtype=torch.int32)
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该processor对象采用文本或文本列表作为输入。当提供文本列表时，返回的lengths变量表示输出批次中每个已处理标记的有效长度。

可以如下检索中间表示。

print([processor.tokens[i] for i in processed[0, : lengths[0]]])
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输出：

['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'w', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!', ' ', 't', 'e', 'x', 't', ' ', 't', 'o', ' ', 's', 'p', 'e', 'e', 'c', 'h', '!']
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基于音素的编码
基于音素的编码与基于字符的编码类似，但它使用基于音素的符号表和G2P（Grapheme-to-Phoneme）模型。

G2P 模型的细节超出了本教程的范围，我们将仅了解转换的情况。

与基于字符的编码的情况类似，编码过程预计与预训练的 Tacotron2 模型的训练内容相匹配。 torchaudio有一个创建进程的接口。

下面的代码说明了如何制作和使用该过程。在幕后，使用 package 创建 G2P 模型，并获取DeepPhonemizer作者发布的预训练权重。DeepPhonemizer

bundle = torchaudio.pipelines.TACOTRON2_WAVERNN_PHONE_LJSPEECH

processor = bundle.get_text_processor()

text = "Hello world! Text to speech!"
with torch.inference_mode():
processed, lengths = processor(text)

print(processed)
print(lengths)
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输出：

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/pytorch/audio/ci_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/transformer.py:282: UserWarning: enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because encoder_layer.self_attn.batch_first was not True(use batch_first for better inference performance)
warnings.warn(f"enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because {why_not_sparsity_fast_path}")
tensor([[54, 20, 65, 69, 11, 92, 44, 65, 38, 2, 11, 81, 40, 64, 79, 81, 11, 81,
20, 11, 79, 77, 59, 37, 2]])
tensor([25], dtype=torch.int32)

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请注意，编码值与基于字符的编码示例不同。

中间表示如下所示。

print([processor.tokens[i] for i in processed[0, : lengths[0]]])
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输出：

['HH', 'AH', 'L', 'OW', ' ', 'W', 'ER', 'L', 'D', '!', ' ', 'T', 'EH', 'K', 'S', 'T', ' ', 'T', 'AH', ' ', 'S', 'P', 'IY', 'CH', '!']
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频谱图生成
Tacotron2是我们用来从编码文本生成频谱图的模型。有关模型的详细信息，请参阅论文。

使用预训练权重实例化 Tacotron2 模型很容易，但请注意，Tacotron2 模型的输入需要由匹配文本处理器进行处理。

torchaudio.pipelines.Tacotron2TTSBundle将匹配的模型和处理器捆绑在一起，以便轻松创建管道。

有关可用的捆绑包及其用法，请参阅 Tacotron2TTSBundle。

bundle = torchaudio.pipelines.TACOTRON2_WAVERNN_PHONE_LJSPEECH
processor = bundle.get_text_processor()
tacotron2 = bundle.get_tacotron2().to(device)

text = "Hello world! Text to speech!"

with torch.inference_mode():
processed, lengths = processor(text)
processed = processed.to(device)
lengths = lengths.to(device)
spec, _, _ = tacotron2.infer(processed, lengths)

_ = plt.imshow(spec[0].cpu().detach(), origin="lower", aspect="auto")
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输出：

/pytorch/audio/ci_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/transformer.py:282: UserWarning: enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because encoder_layer.self_attn.batch_first was not True(use batch_first for better inference performance)
warnings.warn(f"enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because {why_not_sparsity_fast_path}")
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/models/tacotron2_english_phonemes_1500_epochs_wavernn_ljspeech.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/tacotron2_english_phonemes_1500_epochs_wavernn_ljspeech.pth

0%| | 0.00/107M [00:00<?, ?B/s]
33%|###3 | 35.9M/107M [00:00<00:00, 377MB/s]
72%|#######1 | 76.9M/107M [00:00<00:00, 408MB/s]
100%|##########| 107M/107M [00:00<00:00, 408MB/s]
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请注意，该Tacotron2.infer方法执行多项式采样，因此生成频谱图的过程会产生随机性。

def plot():
fig, ax = plt.subplots(3, 1)
for i in range(3):
with torch.inference_mode():
spec, spec_lengths, _ = tacotron2.infer(processed, lengths)
print(spec[0].shape)
ax[i].imshow(spec[0].cpu().detach(), origin="lower", aspect="auto")

plot()
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输出：

torch.Size([80, 190])
torch.Size([80, 184])
torch.Size([80, 185])
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波形生成
生成频谱图后，最后一个过程是从频谱图中恢复波形。

torchaudio提供基于GriffinLim和 的 声码器WaveRNN。

WaveRNN
继续上一节，我们可以实例化同一包中的匹配 WaveRNN 模型。

bundle = torchaudio.pipelines.TACOTRON2_WAVERNN_PHONE_LJSPEECH

processor = bundle.get_text_processor()
tacotron2 = bundle.get_tacotron2().to(device)
vocoder = bundle.get_vocoder().to(device)

text = "Hello world! Text to speech!"

with torch.inference_mode():
processed, lengths = processor(text)
processed = processed.to(device)
lengths = lengths.to(device)
spec, spec_lengths, _ = tacotron2.infer(processed, lengths)
waveforms, lengths = vocoder(spec, spec_lengths)
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输出：

/pytorch/audio/ci_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/transformer.py:282: UserWarning: enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because encoder_layer.self_attn.batch_first was not True(use batch_first for better inference performance)
warnings.warn(f"enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because {why_not_sparsity_fast_path}")
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/models/wavernn_10k_epochs_8bits_ljspeech.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/wavernn_10k_epochs_8bits_ljspeech.pth

0%| | 0.00/16.7M [00:00<?, ?B/s]
100%|##########| 16.7M/16.7M [00:00<00:00, 342MB/s]
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def plot(waveforms, spec, sample_rate):
waveforms = waveforms.cpu().detach()

fig, [ax1, ax2] = plt.subplots(2, 1)
ax1.plot(waveforms[0])
ax1.set_xlim(0, waveforms.size(-1))
ax1.grid(True)
ax2.imshow(spec[0].cpu().detach(), origin="lower", aspect="auto")
return IPython.display.Audio(waveforms[0:1], rate=sample_rate)

plot(waveforms, spec, vocoder.sample_rate)
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Griffin-Lim
使用 Griffin-Lim 声码器与 WaveRNN 相同。您可以使用方法实例化声码对象 get_vocoder() 并传递频谱图。

bundle = torchaudio.pipelines.TACOTRON2_GRIFFINLIM_PHONE_LJSPEECH

processor = bundle.get_text_processor()
tacotron2 = bundle.get_tacotron2().to(device)
vocoder = bundle.get_vocoder().to(device)

with torch.inference_mode():
processed, lengths = processor(text)
processed = processed.to(device)
lengths = lengths.to(device)
spec, spec_lengths, _ = tacotron2.infer(processed, lengths)
waveforms, lengths = vocoder(spec, spec_lengths)
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输出：

/pytorch/audio/ci_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/transformer.py:282: UserWarning: enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because encoder_layer.self_attn.batch_first was not True(use batch_first for better inference performance)
warnings.warn(f"enable_nested_tensor is True, but self.use_nested_tensor is False because {why_not_sparsity_fast_path}")
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/torchaudio/models/tacotron2_english_phonemes_1500_epochs_ljspeech.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/tacotron2_english_phonemes_1500_epochs_ljspeech.pth

0%| | 0.00/107M [00:00<?, ?B/s]
35%|###5 | 37.8M/107M [00:00<00:00, 397MB/s]
72%|#######2 | 77.7M/107M [00:00<00:00, 409MB/s]
100%|##########| 107M/107M [00:00<00:00, 411MB/s]
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plot(waveforms, spec, vocoder.sample_rate)
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Waveglow
Waveglow 是 Nvidia 发布的声码器。预训练的权重发布在 Torch Hub 上。可以使用torch.hub 模块实例化模型。

# Workaround to load model mapped on GPU
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/61840832
waveglow = torch.hub.load(
"NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples:torchhub",
"nvidia_waveglow",
model_math="fp32",
pretrained=False,
)
checkpoint = torch.hub.load_state_dict_from_url(
"https://api.ngc.nvidia.com/v2/models/nvidia/waveglowpyt_fp32/versions/1/files/nvidia_waveglowpyt_fp32_20190306.pth", # noqa: E501
progress=False,
map_location=device,
)
state_dict = {key.replace("module.", ""): value for key, value in checkpoint["state_dict"].items()}

waveglow.load_state_dict(state_dict)
waveglow = waveglow.remove_weightnorm(waveglow)
waveglow = waveglow.to(device)
waveglow.eval()

with torch.no_grad():
waveforms = waveglow.infer(spec)

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输出：

/pytorch/audio/ci_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/hub.py:294: UserWarning: You are about to download and run code from an untrusted repository. In a future release, this won't be allowed. To add the repository to your trusted list, change the command to {calling_fn}(..., trust_repo=False) and a command prompt will appear asking for an explicit confirmation of trust, or load(..., trust_repo=True), which will assume that the prompt is to be answered with 'yes'. You can also use load(..., trust_repo='check') which will only prompt for confirmation if the repo is not already trusted. This will eventually be the default behaviour
warnings.warn(
Downloading: "https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/zipball/torchhub" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/torchhub.zip
/root/.cache/torch/hub/NVIDIA_DeepLearningExamples_torchhub/PyTorch/Classification/ConvNets/image_classification/models/common.py:13: UserWarning: pytorch_quantization module not found, quantization will not be available
warnings.warn(
/root/.cache/torch/hub/NVIDIA_DeepLearningExamples_torchhub/PyTorch/Classification/ConvNets/image_classification/models/efficientnet.py:17: UserWarning: pytorch_quantization module not found, quantization will not be available
warnings.warn(
/pytorch/audio/ci_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages/torch/nn/utils/weight_norm.py:30: UserWarning: torch.nn.utils.weight_norm is deprecated in favor of torch.nn.utils.parametrizations.weight_norm.
warnings.warn("torch.nn.utils.weight_norm is deprecated in favor of torch.nn.utils.parametrizations.weight_norm.")
Downloading: "https://api.ngc.nvidia.com/v2/models/nvidia/waveglowpyt_fp32/versions/1/files/nvidia_waveglowpyt_fp32_20190306.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/nvidia_waveglowpyt_fp32_20190306.pth
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plot(waveforms, spec, 22050)
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原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/ajunbin859/article/details/134380417