表完整性约束
表完整性约束
一 介绍
约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样，都是可选参数
作用：用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为：
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键，可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值
UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充
二 not null与default
是否可空，null表示空，非字符串。
not null - 不可空。
null - 可空。
默认值，创建列时可以指定默认值，当插入数据时如果未主动设置，则自动添加默认值。
==================not null==================== create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空 desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空 select * from t1; +------+ | id | +------+ | NULL | +------+ drop table t1; create table t1(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空 desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ insert into t1 values(); #不能插入空 Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) select * from t1; +----+ | id | +----+ | 0 | +----+ create table t1(id int not null default 2)； desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | 2 | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ insert into t1 values(); select * from t1; +----+ | id | +----+ | 2 | +----+ ==================default==================== #设置id字段有默认值后，则无论id字段是null还是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值 create table t1(id int default 1); create table t1(id int not null default 1); alter table t1 modify id int not null default 1; ==================综合练习==================== create table student(name varchar(20) not null,age int(3) unsigned not null default 18, sex enum('male','female') default 'male', hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music' ); desc student; +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ insert into student(name) values('egon'); select * from student; +------+-----+------+------------+ | name | age | sex | hobby | +------+-----+------+------------+ | egon | 18 | male | play,music | +------+-----+------+------------+
三 unique
==============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE=============== 方法一： create table department1(id int,name varchar(20) unique,comment varchar(100) ); insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name' 方法二： create table department2(id int,name varchar(20),comment varchar(100),constraint uk_name unique(name)); desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ insert into department2 values(1,'IT','技术'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) insert into department2 values(1,'IT','技术'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'uk_name' 体会上面两种方法细微处的差别。
not null+unique的化学反应
create table t1(id int not null unique,name char(6)); desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | char(6) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ insert t1(name) values('三傻'); #不输入id则id默认是0 select * from t1; +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 0 | 三傻 | +----+--------+ insert t1(name) values('二哈'); #这步就不可以不输id了，因为id=0已经存在。 ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '0' for key 'id' insert t1(id,name) values(1,'三傻'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) select * from t1; +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 0 | 三傻 | | 1 | 三傻 | +----+--------+ insert t1(id,name) values(1,'二哈'); #id是unique ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'id' insert t1(id,name) values(3,'二哈'); #可以不按照顺序 select * from t1; +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 0 | 三傻 | | 1 | 三傻 | | 3 | 二哈 | +----+--------+
联合唯一
create table service(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20),host varchar(15) not null,port int not null, unique(host,port) #联合唯一 ); desc service; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | host | varchar(15) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | port | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ insert into service values (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),(2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),(3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306); select * from service; +----+---------+--------------+------+ | id | name | host | port | +----+---------+--------------+------+ | 1 | nginx | 192.168.0.10 | 80 | | 2 | haproxy | 192.168.0.20 | 80 | | 3 | mysql | 192.168.0.30 | 3306 | +----+---------+--------------+------+ insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host' drop table service;
四 primary key
primary key字段的值不为空且唯一。
一个表中可以：
单列做主键
多列做主键（复合主键）
但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key。
单列主键
============单列做主键=============== #方法一：在某一个字段后用primary key create table department1(id int primary key, #主键 name varchar(20),comment varchar(100)); desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ #方法二：在所有字段后单独定义primary key create table department2(id int,name varchar(20),comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ #方法三：not null+unique create table department3(id int not null unique, #主键 name varchar(20) not null unique,comment varchar(100)); desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
多列主键
==================多列做主键================ create table service(ip varchar(15),port char(5),service_name varchar(10) not null,primary key(ip,port)); desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ insert into service values('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb'); select * from service; +--------------+------+--------------+ | ip | port | service_name | +--------------+------+--------------+ | 172.16.45.10 | 3306 | mysqld | | 172.16.45.11 | 3306 | mariadb | +--------------+------+--------------+ insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx'); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
五 auto_increment
约束字段为自动增长，被约束的字段必须同时被key约束。
#不指定id，则自动增长 create table student(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20),sex enum('male','female') default 'male'); desc student; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ insert into student(name) values('egon'),('alex'); select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | +----+------+------+ #也可以指定id insert into student values(4,'asb','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) insert into student values(7,'wsb','female'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | +----+------+--------+ #注意啦： insert into student(name) values('wang'); select * from student; +----+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | | 2 | alex | male | | 4 | asb | female | | 7 | wsb | female | | 8 | wang | male | +----+------+--------+ #对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长 delete from student; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec) select * from student; Empty set (0.00 sec) insert into student(name) values('ysb'); select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 9 | ysb | male | +----+------+------+ #应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它 truncate student; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) insert into student(name) values('egon'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 1 | egon | male | +----+------+------+
步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset
#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值 create table student(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20),sex enum('male','female') default 'male'); alter table student auto_increment=3; show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 insert into student(name) values('egon'); insert into student(name) values('wang'); insert into student(name) values('qing'); select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 3 | egon | male | | 4 | wang | male | | 5 | qing | male | +----+------+------+ show create table student; ....... ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外 create table student(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20),sex enum('male','female') default 'male')auto_increment=3; insert into student(name) values('wang'); insert into student(name) values('qing'); select * from student; +----+------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+------+------+ | 3 | qing | male | | 4 | wang | male | +----+------+------+ show create table student; ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #设置步长 sqlserver：自增步长 基于表级别 create table t1（ id int。。。 ）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8 mysql自增的步长： show session variables like 'auto_inc%'; #基于会话级别 set session auto_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长。不需要退出。 #基于全局级别的 set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效） #！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！ If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2 set global auto_increment_increment=5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) set global auto_increment_offset=3; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录 +--------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+-------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | +--------------------------+-------+ create table student(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20),sex enum('male','female') default 'male'); insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3'); select * from student; +----+-------+------+ | id | name | sex | +----+-------+------+ | 3 | egon1 | male | | 8 | egon2 | male | | 13 | egon3 | male | +----+-------+------+
六 foreign key
一 快速理解foreign key
员工信息表有三个字段：工号 姓名 部门
公司有3个部门，但是有1个亿的员工，那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储，部门名字越长，越浪费。
解决方法：
我们完全可以定义一个部门表，
然后让员工信息表关联该表，如何关联，即foreign key
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另外一个表的字段，必须保证唯一 create table department(id int primary key,name varchar(20) not null)engine=innodb; #dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除 create table employee(id int primary key,name varchar(20) not null,dpt_id int,constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)references department(id) on delete cascade on update cascade)engine=innodb; #先往父表department中插入记录 insert into department values(1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),(2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),(3,'销售部'); #再往子表employee中插入记录 insert into employee values(1,'egon',1),(2,'alex1',2),(3,'alex2',2),(4,'alex3',2),(5,'李坦克',3),(6,'刘飞机',3),(7,'张火箭',3),(8,'林子弹',3),(9,'加特林',3); select * from employee; +----+-----------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-----------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 2 | | 3 | alex2 | 2 | | 4 | alex3 | 2 | | 5 | 李坦克 | 3 | | 6 | 刘飞机 | 3 | | 7 | 张火箭 | 3 | | 8 | 林子弹 | 3 | | 9 | 加特林 | 3 | +----+-----------+--------+ insert into employee values (10,'oh,ya',4); ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`d043`.`employee`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dpt_id`) REFERENCES `department` (`id`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE) #删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删 delete from department where id=3; select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 2 | | 3 | alex2 | 2 | | 4 | alex3 | 2 | +----+-------+--------+ #更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改 update department set id=22 where id=2; select * from department; +----+-----------------------------------+ | id | name | +----+-----------------------------------+ | 1 | 欧德博爱技术有限事业部 | | 22 | 艾利克斯人力资源部 | +----+-----------------------------------+ select * from employee; +----+-------+--------+ | id | name | dpt_id | +----+-------+--------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | | 2 | alex1 | 22 | | 3 | alex2 | 22 | | 4 | alex3 | 22 | +----+-------+--------+
二 如何找出两张表之间的关系
分析步骤： #1、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id） #2、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id） #3、总结： #多对一： 如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表 如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表 #多对多 如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系 #一对一: 如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
三 建立表之间的关系
一对多
#一对多或称为多对一 三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书 关联方式：foreign key
=====================多对一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20)); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade); insert into press(name) values ('北京工业地雷出版社'), ('人民音乐不好听出版社'), ('知识产权没有用出版社') ; insert into book(name,press_id) values ('九阳神功',1), ('九阴真经',2), ('九阴白骨爪',2), ('独孤九剑',3), ('降龙十巴掌',2), ('葵花宝典',3) ;
其他例子：
一夫多妻制 #妻子表的丈夫id外键到丈夫表的id
多对多
#多对多 三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多 关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表
=====================多对多===================== create table author(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20)); create table book(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20)); #这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了 create table author2book( id int not null unique auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, primary key(author_id,book_id) ); #插入六个书，id依次排开 insert into book(name) values('九阳神功'),('九阴真经'),('九阴白骨爪'),('独孤九剑'),('降龙十巴掌'),('葵花宝典'); #插入四个作者，id依次排开 insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq'); #每个作者与自己的代表作如下 1 egon: 1 九阳神功 2 九阴真经 3 九阴白骨爪 4 独孤九剑 5 降龙十巴掌 6 葵花宝典 2 alex: 1 九阳神功 6 葵花宝典 3 yuanhao: 4 独孤九剑 5 降龙十巴掌 6 葵花宝典 4 wpq: 1 九阳神功 # 设置关联 insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1) ;
其他例子：
单张表：用户表+相亲关系表，相当于：用户表+相亲关系表+用户表 多张表：用户表+用户与主机关系表+主机表 中间那一张存放关系的表，对外关联的字段可以联合唯一
一对一
两张表：学生表和客户表
一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学生，即一对一的关系
关联方式：foreign key+unique
#一定是student来foreign key表customer，这样就保证了： #1 学生一定是一个客户， #2 客户不一定是学生，但有可能成为一个学生 create table customer( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null ); create table student( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, class_name varchar(20) not null default 'python自动化', level int default 1, customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的 foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique on delete cascade on update cascade ); #增加客户 insert into customer(name) values ('李飞机'), ('王大炮'), ('守榴弹'), ('吴坦克'), ('赢火箭'), ('战地雷') ; #增加学生 insert into student(name,customer_id) values ('李飞机',1), ('王大炮',2) ; select * from student; +----+-----------+-----------------+-------+-------------+ | id | name | class_name | level | customer_id | +----+-----------+-----------------+-------+-------------+ | 1 | 李飞机 | python自动化 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 王大炮 | python自动化 | 1 | 2 | +----+-----------+-----------------+-------+-------------+ select * from customer; +----+-----------+ | id | name | +----+-----------+ | 1 | 李飞机 | | 2 | 王大炮 | | 3 | 守榴弹 | | 4 | 吴坦克 | | 5 | 赢火箭 | | 6 | 战地雷 | +----+-----------+ insert into student(name,customer_id) values ('吴坦克',4); select * from student; +----+-----------+-----------------+-------+-------------+ | id | name | class_name | level | customer_id | +----+-----------+-----------------+-------+-------------+ | 1 | 李飞机 | python自动化 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 王大炮 | python自动化 | 1 | 2 | | 3 | 吴坦克 | python自动化 | 1 | 4 | +----+-----------+-----------------+-------+-------------+
其他例子：
例一：一个用户只有一个博客 用户表： id name egon alex wupeiqi 博客表 fk+unique id url name_id xxxx 1 yyyy 3 zzz 2 例二：一个管理员唯一对应一个用户 用户表： id user password egon xxxx alex yyyy 管理员表： fk+unique id user_id password 1 xxxxx 2 yyyyy 其他例子
练习
账号信息表，用户组，主机表，主机组
#用户表 create table user( id int not null unique auto_increment, username varchar(20) not null, password varchar(50) not null, primary key(username,password) ); insert into user(username,password) values ('root','123'), ('egon','456'), ('alex','alex3714') ; #用户组表 create table usergroup( id int primary key auto_increment, groupname varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into usergroup(groupname) values ('IT'), ('Sale'), ('Finance'), ('boss') ; #主机表 create table host( id int primary key auto_increment, ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1' ); insert into host(ip) values ('172.16.45.2'), ('172.16.31.10'), ('172.16.45.3'), ('172.16.31.11'), ('172.10.45.3'), ('172.10.45.4'), ('172.10.45.5'), ('192.168.1.20'), ('192.168.1.21'), ('192.168.1.22'), ('192.168.2.23'), ('192.168.2.223'), ('192.168.2.24'), ('192.168.3.22'), ('192.168.3.23'), ('192.168.3.24') ; #业务线表 create table business( id int primary key auto_increment, business varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into business(business) values ('轻松贷'), ('随便花'), ('大富翁'), ('穷一生') ; #建关系：user与usergroup create table user2usergroup( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, group_id int not null, primary key(user_id,group_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id) ); insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4) ; #建关系：host与business create table host2business( id int not null unique auto_increment, host_id int not null, business_id int not null, primary key(host_id,business_id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id), foreign key(business_id) references business(id) ); insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,4) ; #建关系：user与host create table user2host( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, host_id int not null, primary key(user_id,host_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id) ); insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (1,10), (1,11), (1,12), (1,13), (1,14), (1,15), (1,16), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,10), (3,11), (3,12) ;
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