Servlet

Servlet

1. Servlet简介

  • sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
  • sun公司在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet。如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤
    • 编写一个类,实现servlet接口
    • 把开发好的java类部署到web服务器中

把实现了servlet接口的java程序叫做servelet

2. HelloServlet

Servlet接口在sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServlet

  1. 构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这里面建立module;这个空的工程就是Maven的主工程;以webapp为模板建立一个子工程

  2. 关于Maven父子工程的理解:

    父项目中会有

        <modules>
            <module>servlet-01</module>
        </modules>
    

    子项目中会有

        <parent>
            <artifactId>HelloServlet</artifactId>
            <groupId>org.example</groupId>
            <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
        </parent>
    

    父项目中的jar包子项目中可以直接使用(类似java中的继承)

  3. Maven环境优化

    1. 修改web.xml为最新的

      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
      <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
      xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
      http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
      version="4.0"
      metadata-complete="true">
      </web-app>
      
    2. 将maven的结构搭建完整

  4. 编写一个servlet程序

    1. 编写一个普通类

    2. 实现servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet

      https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200728081114%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6.png

      public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
      
          //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
          @Override
          protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
              //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
              PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();  //响应流
      
              writer.print("Hello, Serlvet");
          }
      
          @Override
          protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
              doGet(req, resp);
          }
      }
      
  5. 编写servlet的映射

    为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径

        <!--注册Servlet-->
        <servlet>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
        </servlet>
        <!--Servlet的请求路径-->
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  6. 配置Tomcat

    注意配置项目发布的路径就可以了

  7. 启动测试

注意!写url时不要忘了加/

<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

3. Servlet原理

servlet是由web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后会:

https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200728093746TIM%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE20200728172813.png

4. Mapping问题

  1. 一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径

    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  2. 一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径

    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  3. 一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径(通配符)

    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    

    注意,下面的是默认请求路径,尽量避免这样写!

    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  4. 可以自定义后缀实现请求映射

    注意,.*前面不能加项目映射的路径

    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>*.wang</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    

    以下均为非法写法

    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/*.wang</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
    	<servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/hello/*.wang</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    
  5. 优先级问题

    指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的路径

    例如处理404请求

    <!--404-->
        <servlet>
            <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
            <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
        </servlet>
        
        <servlet-mapping>
            <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
            <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
        </servlet-mapping>
    

5. ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候,他会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,他代表了当前的web应用;

1. 共享数据

我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另一个Servlet中拿到

https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200729082806%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B61.png

放入——>取出——>配置mapping

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        //this.getInitParameter();      初始化参数
        //this.getServletConfig();      Servlet配置
        //this.getServletContext();     Servlet上下文

        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

        String username = "王诗凯";    //数据
        context.setAttribute("username", username); //将一个数据保存在ServletContext中,名字为username,值username

        System.out.println("Hello");
    }

}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();   //拿到的是同一个ServletContext,因为全局唯一

        String username = (String)context.getAttribute("username");

        //resp.setHeader();
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print("名字 " + username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        super.doGet(req, resp);
    }
}
  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.wang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

测试访问结果

2. 获取初始化参数

  <!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
  <context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
  </context-param>
@Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();   //拿到的是同一个ServletContext,因为全局唯一

        String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
        resp.getWriter().print(url);
    }

3. 请求转发

@Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();   //拿到的是同一个ServletContext,因为全局唯一
        System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
        /*
        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp");  //转发请求路径
        requestDispatcher.forward(req, resp);   //调用forward实现请求转发
         */

        context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req, resp);
    }

https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200729082827%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B62.png

4. 读取资源文件

Properties

  • 在Java目录下新建properties
  • 在resource目录下新建properties

发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为类路径

思路:需要一个文件流

@Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");

        Properties prop = new Properties();
        prop.load(is);
        String user = prop.getProperty("username");
        String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");

        resp.getWriter().print(user + ":" + pwd);
    }

访问测试即可

6. HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse;

  • 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
  • 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse

1. 简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

servletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

    void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);

    void setHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void addHeader(String var1, String var2);

    void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

    void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);

    void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);

    void setContentLength(int var1);

    void setContentLengthLong(long var1);

    void setContentType(String var1);

响应的状态码

    int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
    int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
    int SC_OK = 200;
    int SC_CREATED = 201;
    int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
    int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
    int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
    int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
    int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
    int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
    int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
    int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
    int SC_FOUND = 302;
    int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
    int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
    int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
    int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
    int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
    int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
    int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
    int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
    int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
    int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
    int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
    int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
    int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
    int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
    int SC_GONE = 410;
    int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
    int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
    int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
    int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
    int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
    int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
    int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
    int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
    int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
    int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
    int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
    int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
    int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;

2. 常见应用

  1. 向浏览器输出信息
  2. 下载文件
    1. 要获取下载文件的路径
    2. 下载的文件名是啥?
    3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
    4. 获取下载文件的输出流
    5. 创建缓冲流
    6. 获取OutputStream对象
    7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到Buffer缓冲区
    8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
@Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //1. 要获取下载文件的路径
        //D:\JavaWeb\HelloServlet\response\target\classes\TIM截图20200728172813.png
        //String realPath = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/TIM截图20200728172813.png");
        String realPath = "D:\\JavaWeb\\HelloServlet\\response\\target\\classes\\TIM截图20200728172813.png";
        System.out.println("下载文件的路径:" + realPath);
        //2. 下载的文件名是啥?
        String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
        //3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持(Content-Disposition)下载我们需要的东西,中文文件名用URLEncoder.encode编码,否则可能乱码
        resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"utf-8"));
        //4. 获取下载文件的输出流
        FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        //5. 创建缓冲流
        int len = 0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        //6. 获取OutputStream对象
        ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
        //7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到Buffer缓冲区
        //8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0){
            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
        }

        in.close();
        out.close();
    }
  1. 验证码功能

    验证码怎么来的

    • 前端实现
    • 后端实现,需要用到Java的图片类,生成一个图片
	@Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //如何让浏览器3s刷新一次
        resp.setHeader("refresh","3");

        //在内存中创建一个图片
        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(100, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        //得到图片
        Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();    //笔
        //设置图片的背景颜色
        g.setColor(Color.white);
        g.fillRect(0,0,100,20);
        //给图片写数据
        g.setColor(Color.blue);
        g.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));
        g.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);

        //告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
        resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
        //网站存在缓存,不让浏览器请求
        resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
        resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
        resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");

        //把图片写给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());


    }

    //生成随机数
    private String makeNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(99999999) + "";
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        //防止数字不满8位,空位用0填充
        for (int i = 0; i < 7 - num.length(); i++) {        //快捷键 fori
            sb.append("0");
        }
        String s = sb.toString() + num;
        return num;
    }
  • 4.实现重定向

一个web资源受到客户端请求后,他会通知客户端去访问另外一个web资源,这个过程叫重定向

常见场景:

  • 用户登录
    void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;

测试

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        /*重定向的原理
        resp.setHeader("Location", "/response/img");
        resp.setStatus(302)
         */
        resp.sendRedirect("/response/img");     //重定向
    }

面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别

相同点

  • 页面都会跳转

不同点

  • 请求转发的时候。url不会产生变化 307
  • 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化 302
  • 原理图如下

https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wang-sky/1815470/o_200729082827%E6%9C%AA%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B62.png

request重定向

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //处理请求
    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    String password = req.getParameter("password");

    System.out.println(username + ":" + password);

    //重定向时候一定要注意,路径问题,否则404
    resp.sendRedirect("/response/success.jsp");
}

index.jsp

<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>

<%--这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的的项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
    用户名:<input type = "text" name="username">
    密码:<input type="password" name="password">
    <input type="submit">
</form>


</body>
</html>

success.jsp

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Success</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Success</h2>
</body>
</html>

7. HttpServletRequset

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息

获取参数,并请求转发

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //后台接受中文乱码问题
    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

    String username = req.getParameter("username");
    String password = req.getParameter("password");
    String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues("hobbies");
    System.out.println("===================================");
    System.out.println(username);
    System.out.println(password);
    System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbies));
    System.out.println("===================================");

    //通过请求转发
    System.out.println(req.getContextPath());
    //说明:转发是内部资源,写相对路径;重定向是外部资源,写绝对路径
    req.getRequestDispatcher("success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
}

index.jsp

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>登录</h1>

<div style="text-align: center">
    <%--这里表单表示的意思:以post方式提交表单,提交到我们的login请求--%>
    <form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
        用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
        密码:<input type="password" name = "password"> <br>
        爱好:
        <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="女孩">女孩
        <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="代码">代码
        <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="唱歌">唱歌
        <input type="checkbox" name = "hobbies" value="电影">电影

        <br>
        <input type="submit">
    </form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

success.jsp

<%--
  Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
  User: a000248
  Date: 2020/7/30
  Time: 11:14
  To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
--%>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>登录成功!</h1>

</body>
</html>
posted @ 2020-07-28 17:39  山人西来  阅读(121)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报