其他 WASM 虚拟机实现
WasmEdge (原 SSVM)
- 使用 C++ 开发
- 高性能、轻量级、模块化
- 支持 WASI、JS API、AOT 编译
- 支持与 Rust、Go、JavaScript 等语言集成
- 适合区块链、Serverless、IoT 场景
GitHub: https://github.com/WasmEdge/WasmEdge
文档: https://wasmedge.org
WAVM
- 使用 C++ 开发
- 快速、可嵌入、兼容性好
- 支持 JIT 和解释执行
- 可用于游戏模拟器、插件系统等
GitHub: https://github.com/WAVM/WAVM
Lucet
- 使用 Rust 作为开发语言
- 专为安全沙箱和高性能设计
- 支持多线程、WASI
- 曾用于 Compute@Edge 平台
- 已停止活跃开发（但仍可参考其架构）
GitHub: https://github.com/fastly/lucet
Wasmtime
- 使用 Rust 作为开发语言，并提供 C API
- 基于 Cranelift 编译器框架
- 高性能、内存占用低
- 支持 WASI、WASI-NN、WASI-Crypto 等扩展
- 社区活跃，适用于生产环境
GitHub: https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wasmtime
文档: https://wasmtime.dev
Wasmer
- 多语言支持（Rust、C/C++、Python、Node.js、Go 等）。
- 支持 JIT/AOT 编译。
- 提供企业版支持。
- 相对较重，但可配置性强。
GitHub: https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer
文档: https://docs.wasmer.io
wasm3
- 极其轻量，适用于嵌入式设备。
- 纯 C 实现，跨平台。
- 性能不如其他高级引擎，但体积小、易于移植。
- 不支持所有 Wasm 特性（如 SIMD）。
GitHub: https://github.com/wasm3/wasm3
Life
- 纯 JavaScript 实现，适合浏览器端调试或教学用途。
- 不适合生产使用。
GitHub: https://github.com/peersky/life
WasmEdge 入门
安装开发工具
安装 Emsdk
通过源码编译方式安装 Emsdk，在 https://github.com/juj/emsdk 下载到源代码后，配置好网络后，便可通过如下命令安装 Emsdk
D:\Apps\emsdk>emsdk install latest
Resolving SDK alias 'latest' to '4.0.10'
Resolving SDK version '4.0.10' to 'sdk-releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit'
Installing SDK 'sdk-releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit'..
Installing tool 'node-22.16.0-64bit'..
Downloading: D:/Apps/emsdk/downloads/node-v22.16.0-win-x64.zip from https://storage.googleapis.com/webassembly/emscripten-releases-builds/deps/node-v22.16.0-win-x64.zip, 37497627 Bytes
Unpacking 'D:/Apps/emsdk/downloads/node-v22.16.0-win-x64.zip' to 'D:/Apps/emsdk/node/22.16.0_64bit'
Done installing tool 'node-22.16.0-64bit'.
Installing tool 'python-3.13.3-64bit'..
Downloading: D:/Apps/emsdk/downloads/python-3.13.3-0-win-amd64.zip from https://storage.googleapis.com/webassembly/emscripten-releases-builds/deps/python-3.13.3-0-win-amd64.zip, 29736374 Bytes
Unpacking 'D:/Apps/emsdk/downloads/python-3.13.3-0-win-amd64.zip' to 'D:/Apps/emsdk/python/3.13.3_64bit'
Done installing tool 'python-3.13.3-64bit'.
Installing tool 'releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit'..
Downloading: D:/Apps/emsdk/downloads/8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-wasm-binaries.zip from https://storage.googleapis.com/webassembly/emscripten-releases-builds/win/8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43/wasm-binaries.zip, 539321345 Bytes
Unpacking 'D:/Apps/emsdk/downloads/8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-wasm-binaries.zip' to 'D:/Apps/emsdk/upstream'
Done installing tool 'releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit'.
Done installing SDK 'sdk-releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit'.
D:\Apps\emsdk>emsdk activate latest
Resolving SDK alias 'latest' to '4.0.10'
Resolving SDK version '4.0.10' to 'sdk-releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit'
Setting the following tools as active:
node-22.16.0-64bit
python-3.13.3-64bit
releases-8103ffedfb0c42d231c6af6859a5a1a832260b43-64bit
Next steps:
- Consider running `emsdk activate` with --permanent or --system
to have emsdk settings available on startup.
Adding directories to PATH:
PATH += D:\Apps\emsdk
PATH += D:\Apps\emsdk\upstream\emscripten
Setting environment variables:
PATH = D:\Apps\emsdk;D:\Apps\emsdk\upstream\emscripten;D:\Apps\VulkanSDK\Bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v11.3\bin;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA GPU Computing Toolkit\CUDA\v11.3\libnvvp;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Windows\System32\OpenSSH\;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA NvDLISR;D:\Apps\Anaconda\condabin;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\Program Files\NVIDIA Corporation\Nsight Compute 2021.1.0\;C:\Program Files\dotnet\;D:\Apps\Git\cmd;D:\Apps\JDK\8u202\bin;D:\Apps\go\bin;D:\Apps\node;D:\Apps\BBdown;D:\Apps\flutter\bin;C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0.30319;D:\Apps\Godot;D:\Apps\mingw64\bin;D:\Apps\python;D:\Apps\python\Scripts;D:\Apps\blender;D:\Apps\sqlite;D:\Apps\gettext-tools-windows\bin;D:\Apps\cmake\bin;D:\Apps\ffmpeg\bin;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Windows Performance Toolkit\;D:\Apps\AndroidSdk\tools;D:\Apps\AndroidSdk\platform-tools;D:\Apps\vcpkg;D:\Apps\7-Zip;C:\Program Files\PowerShell\7\;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\WINDOWS\System32\OpenSSH\;D:\Apps\WasmEdge\bin;D:\Apps\wabt\bin;C:\Users\Tom\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\Tom\.dotnet\tools;D:\Apps\texlive\2022\bin\win32;D:\Subs\platform-tools;D:\Apps\Microsoft VS Code\bin;
EMSDK = D:/Apps/emsdk
EMSDK_NODE = D:\Apps\emsdk\node\22.16.0_64bit\bin\node.exe
EMSDK_PYTHON = D:\Apps\emsdk\python\3.13.3_64bit\python.exe
Clearing existing environment variable: EMSDK_PY
The changes made to environment variables only apply to the currently running shell instance. Use the 'emsdk_env.bat' to re-enter this environment later, or if you'd like to register this environment permanently, rerun this command with the option --permanent.
D:\Apps\emsdk>
如果没有使用 emsdk activate --permanent 或 emsdk activate --permanent --system 在全局配置 emsdk，每次使用前都需要 emsdk activate 激活 emsdk
安装 WasmEdge
https://github.com/WasmEdge/WasmEdge/releases
安装 WasmEdge-0.15.0-alpha.3-windows 注意后面没有 msvc 也就是使用 MinGW 环境
安装 Wasm Toolkit
https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt/releases
Helloworld
编写如下 hello.cpp 代码
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello, WasmEdge!\n");
return 0;
}
# 激活 emcc
emsdk activate
# 编译为 Wasm
emcc hello.cpp -s WASM=1 -o hello.wasm
# 使用 WasmEdge 运行 Wasm 程序
wasmedge hello.wasm
从 Wat 编译到 Wasm
(module
(func $add (export "add") (param $a i32) (param $b i32) (result i32)
local.get $a
local.get $b
i32.add))
使用如下 Wasm Toolkit 可以将一个 wat 编译成 wasm 文件
wat2wasm index.wat -o index.wasm
wasm2wat index.wasm -o index2.wat
main.cpp
#include <wasmedge/wasmedge.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{
// 初始化配置
WasmEdge_ConfigureContext *conf = WasmEdge_ConfigureCreate();
// 添加 WASI 插件
// WasmEdge_ConfigureAddPlugin(conf, "wasmedge_wasi_plugin");
// 创建虚拟机
WasmEdge_VMContext *vm = WasmEdge_VMCreate(conf, NULL);
// 加载 WASM 文件
WasmEdge_String wasmPath = WasmEdge_StringWrap("add.wasm", strlen("add.wasm"));
WasmEdge_Result result = WasmEdge_VMLoadWasmFromFile(vm, wasmPath.Buf);
if (!WasmEdge_ResultOK(result))
{
std::cerr << "Failed to load WASM file: " << WasmEdge_ResultGetMessage(result) << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 验证模块
result = WasmEdge_VMValidate(vm);
if (!WasmEdge_ResultOK(result))
{
std::cerr << "Validation failed: " << WasmEdge_ResultGetMessage(result) << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 实例化模块
result = WasmEdge_VMInstantiate(vm);
if (!WasmEdge_ResultOK(result))
{
std::cerr << "Instantiation failed: " << WasmEdge_ResultGetMessage(result) << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 调用函数
WasmEdge_String funcName = WasmEdge_StringWrap("add", strlen("add"));
WasmEdge_Value params[2] = {WasmEdge_ValueGenI32(3), WasmEdge_ValueGenI32(4)};
WasmEdge_Value returns[1];
result = WasmEdge_VMExecute(vm, funcName, params, 2, returns, 1);
if (!WasmEdge_ResultOK(result))
{
std::cerr << "Execution failed: " << WasmEdge_ResultGetMessage(result) << std::endl;
return -1;
}
int32_t sum = WasmEdge_ValueGetI32(returns[0]);
std::cout << "Result of add(3, 4): " << sum << std::endl;
// 清理资源
WasmEdge_VMDelete(vm);
WasmEdge_ConfigureDelete(conf);
return 0;
}
配置
c_cpp_properties.json 中配置 includePath
{
"configurations": [
{
"name": "Linux",
"includePath": [
"${workspaceFolder}/**",
"D:/Apps/WasmEdge/include"
],
"defines": [],
"compilerPath": "D:/Apps/mingw64/bin/g++.exe",
"cStandard": "c17",
"cppStandard": "c++17"
}
],
"version": 4
}
tasks.json 中配置 args 等
{
"version": "2.0.0",
"tasks": [
{
"label": "Build with WasmEdge (MinGW)",
"type": "cppbuild",
"command": "g++",
"args": [
"${workspaceFolder}/main.cpp",
"-o",
"${workspaceFolder}/main.exe",
"-I\"D:/Apps/WasmEdge/include\"",
"-L\"D:/Apps/WasmEdge/lib\"",
"-lWasmEdge",
],
"group": {
"kind": "build"
},
"problemMatcher": [
"$gcc"
],
"detail": "Compiling C++ file with WasmEdge support"
},
{
"label": "Run WasmEdge Program",
"type": "shell",
"command": "${workspaceFolder}/main.exe",
"group": "none",
"dependsOn": [
"Build with WasmEdge"
],
"problemMatcher": []
}
]
}
Wasm3 入门
安装开发工具
#include <iostream>
#include "m3_env.h"
#include "m3_exec_env.h"
#include "m3_module.h"
#include "m3_runtime.h"
int main() {
// 初始化引擎
IM3Runtime runtime = m3_NewRuntime(1024 * 1024, 0, NULL); // 1MB 内存
if (!runtime) {
std::cerr << "Failed to create runtime" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 读取 WASM 文件内容
FILE* file = fopen("add.wasm", "rb");
if (!file) {
std::cerr << "Failed to open add.wasm" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END);
size_t fileSize = ftell(file);
rewind(file);
uint8_t* wasmData = new uint8_t[fileSize];
fread(wasmData, 1, fileSize, file);
fclose(file);
// 加载模块
IM3Module module;
M3Result result = m3_ParseModule(runtime->environment, &module, wasmData, fileSize);
if (result) {
std::cerr << "Parse module failed: " << result << std::endl;
return -1;
}
result = m3_LoadModule(runtime, module);
if (result) {
std::cerr << "Load module failed: " << result << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 查找导出的函数
IM3Function function;
result = m3_FindFunction(&function, runtime, "add");
if (result) {
std::cerr << "Function 'add' not found or invalid signature" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 准备参数和调用
uint64_t args[2] = { 3, 4 };
result = m3_CallV(function, args[0], args[1]);
if (result) {
std::cerr << "Execution failed: " << result << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// 获取返回值（i32）
int32_t resultValue = *(int32_t*)runtime->memories->data + *(uint32_t*)(runtime->stack);
std::cout << "Result of add(3, 4): " << resultValue << std::endl;
// 清理资源
delete[] wasmData;
m3_FreeRuntime(runtime);
return 0;
}
