bash's parameter expansion

[bash's parameter expansion]

　#: find first from left, remove-left

　##: find last from left, remove left

　%: find first from right, remove right

　%%: find last from right, remove right

　example 1:

parameter     result
-----------   ------------------------------
${NAME}       polish.ostrich.racing.champion
${NAME#*.}           ostrich.racing.champion
${NAME##*.}                         champion
${NAME%%.*}   polish
${NAME%.*}    polish.ostrich.racing

　example 2:

parameter     result
-----------   --------------------------------------------------------
${FILE}       /usr/share/java-1.4.2-sun/demo/applets/Clock/Clock.class
${FILE#*/}     usr/share/java-1.4.2-sun/demo/applets/Clock/Clock.class
${FILE##*/}                                                Clock.class
${FILE%%/*}
${FILE%/*}    /usr/share/java-1.4.2-sun/demo/applets/Clock

 string slice: 

${string:2:1}   # The third character of string (0, 1, 2 = third)
${string:1}     # The string starting from the second character
                # Note: this is equivalent to ${string#?}
${string%?}     # The string with its last character removed.
${string: -1}   # The last character of string
${string:(-1)}  # The last character of string, alternate syntax
                # Note: string:-1 means something entirely different; see below.

${file%.mp3}    # The filename without the .mp3 extension
                # Very useful in loops of the form: for file in *.mp3; do ...
${file%.*}      # The filename without its last extension
${file%%.*}     # The filename without all of its extensions
${file##*.}     # The extension only, assuming there is one. If not, will expand to ${file}

 toupper (^) and tolower (,):

# string='hello, World!'
parameter     result
-----------   --------------------------------------------------------
${string^}    Hello, World! # First character to uppercase
${string^^}   HELLO, WORLD! # All characters to uppercase
${string,}    hello, World! # First character to lowercase
${string,,}   hello, world! # All characters to lowercase

assignment:

${var-word}             # if var is defined, use var; otherwise, "word"
${var+word}             # if var is defined, use "word"; otherwise, nothing
${var=word}             # if var is defined, use var; otherwise, use "word" AND...
                        #   also assign "word" to var
${var?error}            # if var is defined, use var; otherwise print "error" and exit

参考: http://bash.cumulonim.biz/BashFAQ(2f)073.html