Pytest03-pytest命令行参数

3.pytest命令行参数

3.pytest命令行参数

3.1 pytest控制台信息详解

通常在运行pytest之后，会出现如下所示的控制台信息：

C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest test_01.py
==================test session starts =======================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\Documents\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 2 items

test_01.py .F                                    [100%]

===================FAILURES =================================
__________________ test_add_02 ______________________________

    def test_add_02():
>       assert Add(3,4)==6
E       assert 7 == 6
E        +  where 7 = Add(3, 4)

test_01.py:12: AssertionError
================ short test summary info ====================
FAILED test_01.py::test_add_02 - assert 7 == 6
=============== 1 failed, 1 passed in 0.56s ==================

===== test session starts =====

测试会话分隔符，代表启动了一个新的调用

platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1

当前运行的平台，Python、pytest、pytest包的版本等信息

rootdir

当前起始目录，pytest搜索测试代码时使用的目录

collected 2 items

在搜索的目录中找到的测试函数个数

test_01.py .F

test_01.py代表测试文件

FAILED

未通过的测试函数的失败原因

1 failed, 1 passed in 0.14s

统计测试函数通过和未通过的数量及运行时间

3.2 Pytest运行结果类型

在Pytest中，测试函数可能会返回多种结果，不像传统的单元测试框架，仅显示通过和失败。以下是可能返回的结果：

PASSED（.）

测试通过。预期成功，实际成功

F（FAILED）

表示测试未通过，也可能是XPASS状态与strict选项造成的冲突。预期成功，实际失败

SKIPPED（s）

测试函数未执行，即该运行测试时跳过该测试函数，常用测试标记@pytest.mark.skip()或@pytest.mark.skipif()指定跳过测试的条件

xfail(x)

期望测试失败，而且确实失败。常用测试标记@pytest.mark.xfail()来指定认为会失败的测试函数。预期失败，实际失败

XPASS（X）

期望测试失败，但实际结果却是运行通过，即不符合预期。预期失败，实际成功

ERROR(E)

运行测试函数时，出现异常或错误，可能由fixture引起

3.3 Pytest命令行参数

很多时候，运行单元测试框架并不需要界面，更多的时候采用命令行的形式执行，pytest也提供很多的命令行参数，获取命令行参数帮助如下所示：

pytest --help


usage: pytest [options] [file_or_dir] [file_or_dir] [...]

positional arguments:
  file_or_dir
general:
 -x, --exitfirst       exit instantly on first error or failed test.

下面来学习一些常用的命令行参数

3.3.1 --collect-only

该参数仅收集测试函数，但并不执行运行操作。如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --collect-only
============================= test session starts ================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 3 items
<Module test_01.py>
  <Function test_add_01>
  <Function test_add_02>
<Module test_02.py>
  <Function test_requestBaidu>

3.3.2 -k Expression

-k选项允许使用表达式来指定期望运行的测试函数。常用于筛选要进行运行的测试函数。在以下示例中，仅运行当前及其子目录中测试函数名含request或temp的测试函数，源代码如下所示：

test_01.py

import pytest

# First of sample function
def Add(x:int,y:int)->int:
    return x+y

# First of test function
def test_add_01():
    assert Add(2,3)==5

def test_add_02():
    assert Add(3,4)==6

def test_request_01():
    assert Add(4,3)==7

def test_temp_01():
    assert Add(8,3)==11

test_02.py

import requests

import  pytest

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
port = 80

def test_requestBaidu():
    testUrl=f"{url}:{port}"
    r=requests.get(url=testUrl,timeout=10)
    content=r.content.decode("utf8")
    print(content)
    assert "bai" in content

以下先验证筛选的结果是否正确：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -k "request or temp" --collect-only
============================== test session starts =======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 2 deselected / 3 selected
<Module test_01.py>
  <Function test_request_01>
  <Function test_temp_01>
<Module test_02.py>
  <Function test_requestBaidu>
=========================== 2 deselected in 2.36s =================================

实际运行结果：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -k "request or temp" -v
======================== test session starts ======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 2 deselected / 3 selected
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED                                            [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 PASSED                                               [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED                                          [100%]
====================== 3 passed, 2 deselected in 0.52s ==============================

3.3.3 -m MarkExpr

该选项常用于标记测试并分组，方便快速运行选中的测试函数，具体的标记可以自定义，可以使用装饰器@pytest.mark。示例如下：

test_01.py

import pytest

# First of sample function
def Add(x:int,y:int)->int:
    return x+y

@pytest.mark.TestMark
# First of test function
def test_add_01():
    assert Add(2,3)==5

def test_add_02():
    assert Add(3,4)==6

@pytest.mark.RunThisTestFunc
def test_request_01():
    assert Add(4,3)==7

def test_temp_01():
    assert Add(8,3)==11

test_01.py

import requests
import  pytest

url = "http://www.baidu.com"
port = 80

@pytest.mark.RunThisTestFunc
def test_requestBaidu():
    testUrl=f"{url}:{port}"
    r=requests.get(url=testUrl,timeout=10)
    content=r.content.decode("utf8")
    print(content)
    assert "bai" in content

运行结果如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -m "RunThisTestFunc or not TestMark" --collect-only
=========================== test session starts ====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 1 deselected / 4 selected
<Module test_01.py>
  <Function test_add_02>
  <Function test_request_01>
  <Function test_temp_01>
<Module test_02.py>
  <Function test_requestBaidu>  
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -m "RunThisTestFunc or not TestMark" -v
========================== test session starts =======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 5 items / 1 deselected / 4 selected
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED                                                                   [ 25%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED                                                               [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 PASSED                                                                  [ 75%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED                                                             [100%]

3.3.4 -x, --exitfirst

正常情况下，pytest会运行每一个搜索到的测试函数，如果某个测试函数断言失败或触发了异常，则该测试函数的运行就停止了，此时pytest会将其标记为失败，然后继续运行后续的测试函数，这也是我们期望的运行模式。那如果我们希望在某一个测试函数在运行失败，则中断不再运行后续的测试函数，此时就可以使用-x选项。

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -x
========================== test session starts =========================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py .F
=============================== FAILURES ==========================================
_____________________________________________________ test_add_02 _____________________________________________________
    def test_add_02():
>       assert Add(3,4)==6
E       assert 7 == 6
E        +  where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
==================== 1 failed, 1 passed, 3 warnings in 0.32s =========================

从输出的信息可以看出，总共有6个测试函数，而在运行第2个测试函数，断言失败，则停止整个运行过程，因此，仅运行了2个测试函数，一个测试通过，一个测试失败。

3.3.5 --maxfail=num

-x选项的特点是一遇到失败，就会直接全部停止。而如果想要pytest在失败n次后再停止，则可通过选项-maxfail指定允许失败的次数。

import pytest

# First of sample function
def Add(x:int,y:int)->int:
    return x+y

@pytest.mark.TestMark
# First of test function
def test_add_01():
    assert Add(2,3)==5

def test_add_02():
    assert Add(3,4)==6

@pytest.mark.RunThisTestFunc
def test_request_01():
    assert Add(4,3)==7

def test_temp_01():
    assert Add(8,3)==12

运行结果如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --maxfail=2
=============================== test session starts =====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py .F.F
================================= FAILURES ==========================================
_________________________________ test_add_02 __________________________________________
    def test_add_02():
>       assert Add(3,4)==6
E       assert 7 == 6
E        +  where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
________________________________ test_temp_01 _________________________________________
    def test_temp_01():
>       assert Add(8,3)==12
E       assert 11 == 12
E        +  where 11 = Add(8, 3)
test_01.py:20: AssertionError
====================== 2 failed, 2 passed, 3 warnings in 0.35s =========================

如果--maxfail=1，则功能与-x一样

3.3.6 --lf --last-failed

当一个或多个测试函数运行失败后，我们常常希望能够定位到最后一个运行失败的测试函数，并且希望能重新运行，这时则可以使用--lf选项

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --lf
============================== test session starts ====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 4 items / 2 deselected / 2 selected
run-last-failure: rerun previous 2 failures (skipped 3 files)
test_01.py FF                                                                                        [100%]

=================================== FAILURES ==========================================
____________________________ test_add_02 ________________________________________
    def test_add_02():
>       assert Add(3,4)==6
E       assert 7 == 6
E        +  where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
_____________________________________test_temp_01 _________________________________________
    def test_temp_01():
>       assert Add(8,3)==12
E       assert 11 == 12
E        +  where 11 = Add(8, 3)
test_01.py:20: AssertionError
==================== 2 failed, 2 deselected, 2 warnings in 0.13s =============================

3.3.7 --ff --failed-first

--ff选项与--lf选项功能基本相同，不同之处如下所示：

--ff 先运行上次失败的测试函数再运行完剩余的测试函数
--lf 仅运行上次失败的测试函数

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --ff
=============================== test session starts =======================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
run-last-failure: rerun previous 2 failures first
test_01.py FF..                                                                           [ 66%]
test_02.py .                                                                              [ 83%]
test_03.py .                                                                              [100%]
================================= FAILURES ======================================
______________________________________test_add_02 ____________________________________________
    def test_add_02():
>       assert Add(3,4)==6
E       assert 7 == 6
E        +  where 7 = Add(3, 4)
test_01.py:13: AssertionError
_______________________________________ test_temp_01 _________________________________________
    def test_temp_01():
>       assert Add(8,3)==12
E       assert 11 == 12
E        +  where 11 = Add(8, 3)
test_01.py:20: AssertionError
======================== 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 1.88s ======================

3.3.8 -v --verbose

使用-v/--verbose，常用于输出详细的运行信息。最主要的区别是每个文件中的每个测试函数都占用一行（之前是每一个文件占用一行），测试的结果和名字都会显示出来，而不再在是一个点或字符，如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --ff --tb=no -v
======================== test session starts =====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
run-last-failure: rerun previous 2 failures first
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED                                                                [ 16%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 FAILED                                                               [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_add_01 PASSED                                                                [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED                                                            [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED                                                          [ 83%]
test_03.py::test_request PASSED                                                               [100%]
====================== 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 0.93s =============================

如果运行是彩色终端，则FAILED为红色字体，PASS为绿色字体。

3.3.9 -q --quiet

该选项与-v功能相反，该选项会输出简化信息，只保留核心信息。如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest --ff --tb=line -q
FF....                                                                                        [100%]
======================================== FAILURES ====================================
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:13: assert 7 == 6
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:20: assert 11 == 12
2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 1.34s

3.3.10 --tb=style

--tb参数主要决定捕捉到失败后的输出信息的显示方式。其可选值为 auto/long/short/line/native/no，其常用模式解释如下：

auto模式：默认值，如果有多个测试函数失败，仅打印第一个和最后一个用例的回溯信息
long模式：输出的信息最详细
short模式：仅输出assert的一行及系统判定内容，不显示上下文
line模式：只使用一行输出显示所有的错误信息
native模式：只输出Python标准库的回溯信息，不显示额外信息
no模式：直接屏蔽全部回溯信息

以上模式常用模式为：short/line/no

某个测试函数运行失败后，pytest会列举出失败信息，包括失败出现在哪一行，什么原因导致的失败，该过程称之为信息回溯

示例如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest -v --tb=line
============================ test session starts ================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py::test_add_01 PASSED                                                              [ 16%]
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED                                                              [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED                                                          [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 FAILED                                                             [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED                                                        [ 83%]
test_03.py::test_request PASSED                                                             [100%]
==================================== FAILURES ==========================================
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:13: assert 7 == 6
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:20: assert 11 == 12
========================= 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 2.10s ===========================

3.3.11 --durations=N

--durations=N 该选项不关注测试具体的运行过程，只统计测试过程中哪向个阶段最慢，因此使用该选项可以加快测试分节奏，显示运行最慢的N个阶段，耗时越长越靠前，如果--durations=0，则将所有阶段的耗时从长到短排序后显示。示例如下所示：

C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01>pytest  --durations=3  --tb=line -v
============================test session starts ==========================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.6, pytest-5.4.2, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- d:\program files\python\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01
collected 6 items
test_01.py::test_add_01 PASSED                                                              [ 16%]
test_01.py::test_add_02 FAILED                                                              [ 33%]
test_01.py::test_request_01 PASSED                                                          [ 50%]
test_01.py::test_temp_01 FAILED                                                             [ 66%]
test_02.py::test_requestBaidu PASSED                                                        [ 83%]
test_03.py::test_request PASSED                                                             [100%]
=============================== FAILURES =========================================
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:13: assert 7 == 6
C:\Users\Surpass\PycharmProjects\PytestStudy\Lesson01\test_01.py:20: assert 11 == 12
=============================== warnings summary ======================================
================================ slowest 3 test durations =================================
0.50s call     test_03.py::test_request
0.06s call     test_02.py::test_requestBaidu
(0.00 durations hidden.  Use -vv to show these durations.)
======================= 2 failed, 4 passed, 3 warnings in 0.93s ===========================

3.3.12 -h --help

以上仅仅是常用的一些选项，更多选项可通过-h或--help来进行查看，通过该选项不但能展示原生pytest的用法，还能展示新添加插件的选项和用法。

原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/surpassme/p/13252310.html

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