python：为什么Tuple操作速度比List快

Dive into python中说道Tuple是不可变的List，一旦创建了一个Tuple，就不能以任何方式改变它。但是Tuple 比 list 操作速度快。如果您定义了一个值的常量集，并且唯一要用它做的是不断地遍历它，请使用 tuple 代替 list。

 

我写了几行代码测试了一下：

example_list=list()
for i in range(0,500,1):
    example_list.append(i)

example_tuple=tuple(example_list)

start=time.clock()
for item in example_list:
    do something
print " iterate list:",time.clock()-start


start=time.clock()
for item in example_tuple:
   do something
print " iterate tuple:",time.clock()-start

 

运行结果如下：

 iterate list: 9.37050717647e-05
 iterate tuple: 6.8270838e-05

我运行了几次，虽然具体的时间会改变，但是遍历tuple的速度确实比list快。为什么呢？stackoverflow上有人的解释：

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3340539/why-is-tuple-faster-than-list 

大概有以下几个要点：

1、tuple中是不可变的，在CPython中tuple被存储在一块固定连续的内存中，创建tuple的时候只需要一次性分配内存。但是List被的被存储在两块内存中，一块内存固定大小，记录着Python Object（某个list对象）的信息，另一块是不固定大小的内存，用来存储数据。所以，查找时tuple可以快速定位（C中的数组）；list必须遍历（C中的链表）。在编译中，由于Tuple是不可变的，python编译器将它存储在它所在的函数或者模块的“常量表”（constants table）中。运行时，只要找到这些预构建的常量元组。但是List是可变的，必须在运行中构建，分配内存。

3、当Tuple的元素是List的时候，它只存储list的引用，（C中定长数组里一个元素是指向某个链表的指针），定位查找时它还是会比List快

4、CPython中已经做了相关优化以减少内存分配次数：释放一个List对象的时候，它的内存会被保存在一个自由List中以重复使用。不过非空list的创建时，仍然需要给它分配内存存储数据。

 

Tuple 源码

class tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass

 List源码

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
        pass

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
        cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
        """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass

    def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
        pass

    def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass

    def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
                   
                   Use  of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

List和Tuple相同的用法：

>>> t = ("a", "b", "mpilgrim", "z", "example") 
>>> t
('a', 'b', 'mpilgrim', 'z', 'example')
>>> t[0]                                       
'a'
>>> t[-1]                                      
'example'
>>> t[1:3]                                     
('b', 'mpilgrim')

 list和tuple定义、索引、分片（slice）方式一样

List和Tuple不同用法：

（1）

>>> t
('a', 'b', 'mpilgrim', 'z', 'example')
>>> t.append("new")    
Traceback (innermost last):
  File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
>>> t.remove("z")      
Traceback (innermost last):
  File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'remove'
>>> t.index("example") 
Traceback (innermost last):
  File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'index'
>>> "z" in t           
True

 从源码也可以看出，tuple中没有append\extend\remove\pop\index等用法。但是可以使用 in 来查看一个元素是否存在于 tuple 中。

（2）

d=dict()
d[example_tuple]="a"
d[example_list]="b"

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "N:/WorkSpace/python-workspace/tuple_test.py", line 15, in <module>
    d[example_list]="b"
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

tuple2=([2,3,4,5],[1,2,4,5])
d=dict()
d[tuple2]="a"

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "N:/WorkSpace/python-workspace/tuple_test.py", line 14, in <module>
    d[tuple2]="a"
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

 

Tuples 可以在 dictionary 中被用做 key，但是 list 不行。实际上，事情要比这更复杂。Dictionary key 必须是不可变的。Tuple 本身是不可改变的，但是如果您有一个 list 的 tuple，那就认为是可变的了，用做 dictionary key 就是不安全的。只有字符串、整数或其它对 dictionary 安全的 tuple 才可以用作 dictionary key。

Tuple和List相互转换：

example_list=list()
for i in range(0,10,1):
    example_list.append(i)

example_tuple=tuple(example_list)
example_list2=list(example_tuple)
print "tuple",example_tuple
print "list",example_list2

运行结果：

tuple (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
list [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

内置的 tuple 函数接收一个 list，并返回一个有着相同元素的 tuple。而 list 函数接收一个 tuple 返回一个 list。