使用 TypeScript 来开发 React 的注意事项

npx create-react-app ts-with-react --typescript

npx 将 npm 安装的模块安装到临时的一个目录,等待整个模块安装完成以后就会删了。比如我们创建一个 react 的项目,一般很久才创建一次,所以这种时候我们一般都用 npx 而不是 npm。
npx 还会调用项目内部安装的模块

一开始是这个样子:

import React from 'react'

const Hello = (props: any) => {
	return <h2>{props.message}</h2>
}

export default Hello

然后我们就要定义我们传入的 props 是什么样子的:

import React from 'react'
interface IHelloProps {
	message: string
}

// 这样做有两个好处,一个呢是自动补全,还有一个呢是传入类型的地方要是传入的不是 string 的话就会报错,这个在 vscode 的 TypescriptValidate = true 这里一定要开,自己在这里踩坑踩了很久
const Hello = (props: IHelloProps) => {
	return <h2>{props.message}</h2>
}
export default Hello

但是这种写法还是不够好,我们最好是按照下面的这样来写:

import React from 'react'
interface IHelloProps {
	message: string
}

// 这个时候还有了一个 children 属性,还获得了一些静态属性
const Hello: React.FunctionComponent<IHelloProps> = (props) => {
	return <h2>{props.message}</h2>
}

Hello.defaultProps = {
	message: "Hello World"
}
export default Hello

我们来试试用 useState,我们再来看看 useEffect, useEffect 也是一样的

import React, { useState } from 'react'

// 在这里我们用了 props,所以泛型就不用传了
// 倘若传了 props,我们就用泛型来约束类型
const LikeButton: React.FC = () => {
	const [like, setLike] = useState(0)
	return (
		<button onClick={() => setLike(like + 1)}>
			{like}
		</button>
	)
}

自定义 Hook

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react'
const useMousePosition = () => {
	const [ positions, setPositions ] = useState({x: 0, y: 0})
	useEffect(() => {
		console.log('add effect', positions.x)
		const updateMouse = (e: MouseEvent) => {
			setPositions({ x: e.clientX, y: e.clientY })
		}
		document.addEventListener('mousemove', updateMouse)
		return () => {
			console.log('remove effect', positions.x)
			document.removeEventListener('mousemove', updateMouse)
		}
	}, [])
	return positions
}

重头戏来了

我们如何使用 TS 来写 react 的组件
无状态组件
我们在某些情况下会使用到无状态组件(也就是一个函数),这个无状态组件函数使用 TypeScript 来定义几乎与 JavaScript 很像,如:

import * as React from "react";

const TestPage: React.SFC = () => {
  return (
    <div>
      this is test page.
    </div>
  );
};

export default TestPage;

当我们需要传递 Props 时,只用定义一个 Props 接口,然后给 props 指明类型:

export interface IHeaderProps {
  localImageSrc: string;
  onLineImageSrc: string;
}

export const Header: React.SFC<IHeaderProps> = (props: IHeaderProps) => {
  const { localImageSrc, onLineImageSrc } = props;
  return (
    <div className={styles["header-container"]}>
      <img src={localImageSrc} />
      <img src={onLineImageSrc} />
    </div>
  );
};

有状态组件
假设当我们需要使用到一个有状态的组件,如:因为某些操作(onClick)来改变 state时,我们需要给 state 定义一个接口,与上述的 props 类似,在编写有状态组件时,需要给 React.Component的范型传递你的类型:

export interface IHomePageState {
  name: string;
}

class HomeComponent extends React.Component<{}, IHomePageState> {
  constructor(props: {}) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      name: "",
    };
  }

  public setName = () => {
    this.setState({
      name: "icepy",
    });
  }
  
  public render(){
    const { name } = this.state;
    return (
      <div>
         <div onClick={this.setName}> set name </div>
         <div>{name}</div>
      </div>
    )
  }
}

Props & State 组件
对于另外的一些需求,可能我们设计的组件是一个容器或者是什么别的,总之它既有Props又有State,其实从上述的有状态组件中,我们可以很清晰的察觉到 React.Component 第一个参数传的就是 Props 的类型,因此,当我们要使用 Props & State 组件时,就要如此:

export interface IHomePageState {
  name: string;
}

export interface IHomePageProps {
  home: string;
}

class HomeComponent extends React.Component<IHomePageProps, IHomePageState> {
  constructor(props: IHomePageProps) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      name: "",
    };
  }

  public setName = () => {
    this.setState({
      name: "icepy",
    });
  }
  
  public render(){
    const { name } = this.state;
    const { home } = this.props;
    return (
      <div>
         <div onClick={this.setName}> set name </div>
         <div>{name} {home}</div>
      </div>
    )
  }
}

Router 组件
当我们存在有多个页面时,就会用到 react-router-dom 路由库,因此在类型安全上,我们需要为我们的 Props 继承上 React-Router 的 Props,才能让编译通过。与上述的 Props & State 组件类似,我们要为我们定义的接口 IHomePageProps 继承 RouteComponentProps,如:

import { RouteComponentProps } from "react-router-dom";

export interface IHomePageProps extends RouteComponentProps<any>{
  home: string;
}

export interface IHomePageProps {
  home: string;
}

class HomeComponent extends React.Component<IHomePageProps, IHomePageState> {
  constructor(props: IHomePageProps) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      name: "",
    };
  }

  public setName = () => {
    this.setState({
      name: "icepy",
    });
  }
  
  public render(){
    const { name } = this.state;
    const { home } = this.props;
    return (
      <div>
         <div onClick={this.setName}> set name </div>
         <div>{name} {home}</div>
      </div>
    )
  }
}

页面级别的 Reducers
在我们度过了前面的几个组件之后,可能你的项目会越来越复杂,因此我们会使用到 Redux 来管理我们 React 应用的数据流,页面级别的 Reducers ,顾名思义,这是我们关联在页面容器组件里的 Action,通过这些 Action 和 Props 的结合,方便的管理数据流。
这些 Action 会分为 同步 Action 和 异步 Action,这也是我们为什么会用到 redux-thunk 的原因。
首先,我们来为类型安全定义接口:

// page 

import { Dispatch } from "redux";
import { RouteComponentProps } from "react-router-dom";

export interface IHomePageActionsProps {
  dataSync: () => void;
  dataAsync: (parameter: string) => (dispatch: Dispatch) => void;
}

export interface IHomePageProps extends RouteComponentProps<any>, IHomePageActionsProps {
  homePage: IHomePageStoreState;
}

export interface IHomePageStoreState {
  syncId: string;
  asyncId: string;
}

// global dir 
export interface IStoreState {
  homePage: IHomePageStoreState;
}

然后定义一个 mapStateToProps 函数(没有用装饰器的原因是让你能阅读明白):

const mapStateToProps = (state: IStoreState) => {
  const { homePage } = state;
  return {
    homePage,
  };
};

分别定义 Action 和 Reducers:

// action
import * as CONST from "./constants";
import { Dispatch } from "redux";

export function dataSync() {
  const syncData  = {
    type: CONST.SYNC_DATA,
    payload: {
      data: "syncId=https://github.com/icepy",
    },
  };
  return syncData;
}

export function dataAsync(parameter: string): (dispatch: Dispatch) => void {
  return (dispatch: Dispatch) => {
    const asyncData = {
      type: CONST.ASYNC_DATA,
      payload: {
        data: "asyncId=https://icepy.me",
      },
    };
    setTimeout(() => {
      dispatch(asyncData);
    }, 2000);
  };
}

// reducers
import { IAction } from "@/global/types";
import * as CONST from "./constants";
import * as TYPES from "./types";

const initState: TYPES.IHomePageStoreState = {
  syncId: "默认值",
  asyncId: "默认值",
};

export function homeReducers(state = initState, action: IAction): TYPES.IHomePageStoreState {
  const { type, payload } = action;
  switch (type) {
    case CONST.SYNC_DATA:
      return { ...state, syncId: payload.data };
    case CONST.ASYNC_DATA:
      return { ...state, asyncId: payload.data };
    default:
      return { ...state };
  }
}

在 Store 中 引入我们的 reducers,因为我们已经为 state 定义了类型,因此我们可以很方便的关联上,并且知道哪里有错误:

import { createStore, applyMiddleware, combineReducers, compose } from "redux";
import thunk from "redux-thunk";
import { homeReducers } from "@/pages/Home/flow/homeReducers";

/* eslint-disable no-underscore-dangle, no-undef */
const composeEnhancers = (window as any) && (window as any).REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE || compose;
const reducer = combineReducers({
  homePage: homeReducers,
});

export const configureStore = () => createStore(
  reducer,
  composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(thunk)),
);

最后,我们使用 connect 函数将这些关联起来:

class HomeComponent extends React.Component<TYPES.IHomePageProps, TYPES.IHomePageState> {
   ... 省略 可自行访问 [WLM-TypeScript-React-Starter] 项目
}

export const HomePage = connect(mapStateToProps, actions)(HomeComponent);

Global级别的 Reducers
global 顾名思义,这是一种可以全局访问的 reducers ,我们要做的事情也和页面级别 reducers 非常类似,定义好 state 的接口,然后将 global 在 Store 中配置正确,如:

import { createStore, applyMiddleware, combineReducers, compose } from "redux";
import thunk from "redux-thunk";
import { homeReducers } from "@/pages/Home/flow/homeReducers";
import { globalReducers } from "./reducers";

/* eslint-disable no-underscore-dangle, no-undef */
const composeEnhancers = (window as any) && (window as any).REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE || compose;
const reducer = combineReducers({
  global: globalReducers,
  homePage: homeReducers,
});

export const configureStore = () => createStore(
  reducer,
  composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(thunk)),
);

当我们需要访问 global 时,有两种方式:

  1. 在 mapStateToProps 函数中将 global 返回给页面级别的 Props
  2. 随意的调用 global 中的 Action ,只是需要手动的将 dispatch 函数传递给这些 Action
import * as React from "react";
import { Dispatch } from "redux";
import { connect } from "react-redux";
import { HashRouter as Router, Route, NavLink } from "react-router-dom";
import { IStoreState } from "./global/types";
import * as globalActions from "./global/actions";
import { HomePage } from "./pages/Home";
import { TestPage } from "./pages/TestPage";
import "./style.less";

interface IAppComponentProps {
  dispatch: Dispatch;
}

class AppComponent extends React.Component<IAppComponentProps> {
  constructor(props: IAppComponentProps) {
    super(props);
    globalActions.setGlobalSyncId(this.props.dispatch);
  }

  public render() {
    return (
      <Router >
        <div>
          <div className="nav-container">
            <NavLink to="/" >Home Page</NavLink>
            <NavLink to="/test">Test Page</NavLink>
          </div>
          <Route exact={true} path="/" component={HomePage} />
          <Route path="/test" component={TestPage} />
        </div>
      </Router>
    );
  }
}

const mapStateToProps = (state: IStoreState) => {
  const { global } = state;
  return {
    global,
  };
};

export const App = connect(mapStateToProps)(AppComponent);

到此为止,我们的这些组件使用,还不够为一个复杂的 React 应用“服务”,因为我们还需要一些额外的配置,如:tslint,editorconfig,local assets 的处理,yarn,pre-commit 等等,这些额外的集成为多人协作的复杂项目开了一个好头,因此,我们还需要进一步的去处理这些配置,如 tslint:

{
  "extends": ["tslint:recommended", "tslint-react"],
  "rules": {
      "jsx-alignment": true,
      "jsx-wrap-multiline": true,
      "jsx-self-close": true,
      "jsx-space-before-trailing-slash": true,
      "jsx-curly-spacing": "always",
      "jsx-boolean-value": false,
      "jsx-no-multiline-js": false,
      "object-literal-sort-keys": false,
      "ordered-imports": false,
      "no-implicit-dependencies": false,
      "no-submodule-imports": false,
      "no-var-requires": false
  }
}

总结
在使用 TypeScript 和 React 的过程中积累了不少经验,但还有一些使用的技巧没有介绍到,这就需要我们在之后的过程中去慢慢摸索了。

前端/Typescript

posted @ 2021-03-06 01:02  林来  阅读(331)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报