Disk:
IO Scheduler:
CFQ（完全公平队列）
deadline（最后期限调度）
anticipatory（期望）
NOOP
/sys/block/<device>/queue/scheduler
Memory:
MMU（内存管理单元）
TLB（缓存mmu转换的结果，提高性能使用大内存页）
vm.swapiness={0..100}:使用交互分区的倾向性，默认60；
overcommit_memory=2: 过量使用
RAM, swap
overcommit_ratio=50:
swap+RAM*ratio
swap:4G
RAM: 8G
memory=2G+4G=6G
重放使用物理内存：
1、swap跟RAM一样大；swppiness=0（尽量不实用swap）;
2、overcommit_memory=2, overcommit_ratio=100;swppiness=0;
memor: swpa+ram
tcp_max_tw_buckets：调大
tw: 连接个数，主动一方断开所能产生的状态
established --> tw
IPC：进程间通信
message 消息
msgmni
msgmax
msgmnb
sham 共享内存
shamall
shammax
shamni
信号
性能监控命令：
sar, dstat, vmstat, mpstat, iostat, top, free, iotop, uptime, cat /proc/meminfo, ss, netstat, lsof, time, perf, strace
评估I/O工作情况命令：
blktrace, blkparse, btt
文件系统压力测试工具：
dd, iozone, io-stress, fio
Process monitor
Rss（常住物理空间）, page cache（打开的文件）, anon pace（匿名页）
CPU:全量CPU时间片
内存：连续、全部内存空间（0x0000,）
I/O: 全部可用IO；
GuestOS
hypervisor
普通指令
特权指令
Inter: VT-x
AMD: AMD-v
内存虚拟化
mmu虚拟化，影子mmu；
Interl和AMD分别通过EPT（Extended Page Tables）和NPT（Nested Page Tables）为虚拟化应用提升影子MMU的性能，并通过标记（tagged）TLB来避免虚拟机切换时频繁请求（flush）TLB以提高TLB缓存的命中率。
Intel: EPT 扩展页表
AMD: NPT 嵌套页表
Full-virtualization：完全虚拟化
CPU不支持硬件虚拟化技术，模拟特权指令：模拟
CPU支持硬件虚拟化技术，VMM运行ring -1，而GuestOS运行在ring 0；HVM(Hardware-asistant VMM硬件辅助虚拟化）
Para-virtualization：半虚拟化，PV
cpu, io, memory
PV on HVM:
hypervisor call（hypercall）
IO虚拟化
虚拟化模型
Hosted VMM（借助别的内核才能VM）
Vmware workstattion,VMWare Server
hepervisor
VMWare ESX, VMWare ESXi
Xen（Dom0）只对cpu,interrupt,memory提供虚拟
Qemu跨平台虚拟
Qemu-img
Xend/xm
openstand 云
virsh
KVM: Kernel-based Virtual Macheine
基于内核的虚拟机
KVM:内核模块
Kermel --> hypervisor
KVM/Qemu 只能运行在支持硬件虚拟化技术
KVM: Virualization 完全虚拟化
KVM: virtio（pv IO）（pv IO半虚拟化技术）
Container: 容器
OpenVZ
wine：linux里面模拟windows模拟库；
cywin: windows模拟linux模拟库；
Virtualization Products at a Glance
Interl: IOMMU
X86: 平台虚拟化技术
Inter: VT-x, EPT, IOMMU
网络模型：
IaaS 基础架构级服务
1974年，Popek和Goldberg在一篇论文中定义了“经典虚拟化(Classical virtualization)”的基本需求，他们认为，一款真正意义上的VMM至少要符合三个方面的标准：
◇ 等价执行(Equivalient execution)：除了资源的可用性及时间上的不同之外，程序在虚拟化环境中及真实环境中的执行是完全相同的；
◇ 性能(Performance)：指令集中的大部分指令要能够直接运行于CPU上；
◇ 安全(Safety)：VMM要能够完全控制系统资源；
1.1 x86平台实现虚拟化技术的挑战
x86处理器有4个特权级别，Ring 0 ~ Ring 3，只有运行在Ring 0 ~ 2 级时，处理器才可以访问特权资源或执行特权指令；运行在 Ring 0级时，处理器可以运行所有的特权指令。x86平台上的操作系统一般只使用Ring 0和Ring 3这两个级别，其中，操作系统运行在Ring 0级，用户进程运行在 Ring 3 级。
1.1.1 特权级压缩(ring compression)
为了满足上面所述的需求，VMM自身必须运行在Ring 0级，同时为了避免GuestOS控制系统资源，GuestOS不得不降低自身的运行级别而运行于Ring 3（Ring 1、2 不使用）。
此外，VMM使用分页或段限制的方式保护物理内存的访问，但是64位模式下段限制不起作用，而分页又不区分Ring 0,1,2。为了统一和简化VMM的设计，GuestOS只能和用户进程一样运行在 Ring 3。VMM必须监视GuestOS对GDT、IDT等特权资源的设置，防止GuestOS运行在Ring 0级，同时又要保护降级后的GuestOS不受Guest进程的主动攻击或无意破坏。
1.1.2 特权级别名（Ring Alias）
设计上的原因，操作系统假设自己运行于ring 0，然而虚拟化环境中的GuestOS实际上运行于Ring 1或Ring 3，由此，VMM必须保证各GuestOS不能得知其正运行于虚拟机中这一事实，以免其打破前面的“等价执行”标准。例如，x86处理器的特权级别存放在CS代码段寄存器内，GuestOS却可以使用非特权PUSH指令将CS寄存器压栈，然后POP出来检查该值；又如，GuestOS在低特权级别时读取特权寄存器GDT、LDT、IDT和TR时并不发生异常。这些行为都不同于GuestOS的正常期望。
1.1.3 地址空间压缩（Address Space Compression）
地址空间压缩是指VMM必须在GuestOS的地址空间中保留一段供自己使用，这是x86虚拟化技术面临的另一个挑战。VMM可以完全运行于自有的地址空间，也可以部分地运行于GuestOS的地址空间。前一种方式，需在VMM模式与GuestOS模式之间切换，这会带来较大的开销；此外，尽管运行于自己的地址空间，VMM仍需要在GuestOS的地址空间保留出一部分来保存控制结构，如IDT和GDT。无论是哪一种方式，VMM必须保证自己用到地址空间不会受到GuestOS的访问或修改。
1.1.4 非特权敏感指令
x86使用的敏感指令并不完全隶属于特权指令集，VMM将无法正确捕获此类指令并作出处理。例如，非特权指令SMSW在寄存器中存储的机器状态就能够被GuestOS所读取，这违反了经典虚拟化理论的要求。
1.1.5 静默特权失败(Silent Privilege Failures)
x86的某些特权指令在失败时并不返回错误，因此，其错误将无法被VMM捕获，这将导致其违反经典虚拟化信条中的“等价执行”法则。
1.1.6 中断虚拟化(Interrupt Virtualization)
虚拟化环境中，屏蔽中断及非屏蔽中断的管理都应该由VMM进行；然而，GuestOS对特权资源的每次访问都会触发处理器异常，这必然会频繁屏蔽或启用中断，如果这些请求均由VMM处理，势必会极大影响整体系统性能。
1.2 X86平台虚拟化
完整意义上的计算机由硬件平台和软件平台共同组成。根据计算机体系结构理论，其硬件平台包括CPU、内存和各种I/O设备；而软件平台则包括BIOS、操作系统、运行时库及各种应用程序等。对于主机虚拟化技术来讲，其主要负责虚拟硬件平台及BIOS，而操作系统、运行时库及各种应用程序可以使用以往在物理平台上各种现有技术及产品。
[root@instructor ~]# cd /proc/sys/vm/（切换到/proc/sys/vm目录） [root@instructor vm]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录） block_dump dirty_ratio laptop_mode max_writeback_pages overcommit_memory（过量使用） percpu_pagelist_fraction vfs_cache_pressure dirty_background_bytes dirty_writeback_centisecs legacy_va_layout min_free_kbytes overcommit_ratio（调整是否使用swap） swappiness vm_devzero_optimized dirty_background_ratio drop_caches lowmem_reserve_ratio mmap_min_addr pagecache swap_token_timeout dirty_bytes flush_mmap_pages max_map_count nr_hugepages page-cluster topdown_allocate_fast dirty_expire_centisecs hugetlb_shm_group max_reclaims_in_progress nr_pdflush_threads panic_on_oom vdso_enabled [root@instructor vm]# cd ..（切换到上级目录） [root@instructor sys]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录） crypto debug dev fs kernel net sunrpc vm [root@instructor sys]# cd net/ipv4/（切换到net/ipv4目录） [root@instructor ipv4]# ls cipso_cache_bucket_size inet_peer_gc_mintime ip_local_reserved_ports tcp_ecn tcp_no_metrics_save tcp_timestamps cipso_cache_enable inet_peer_maxttl ip_nonlocal_bind tcp_fack tcp_orphan_retries tcp_tso_win_divisor cipso_rbm_optfmt inet_peer_minttl ip_no_pmtu_disc tcp_fin_timeout（tcp的fin状态超时时间） tcp_reordering tcp_tw_recycle cipso_rbm_strictvalid inet_peer_threshold neigh tcp_frto tcp_retrans_collapse tcp_tw_reuse conf ip_conntrack_max netfilter tcp_keepalive_intvl tcp_retries1 tcp_window_scaling icmp_echo_ignore_all ip_default_ttl route tcp_keepalive_probes tcp_retries2 tcp_wmem（发送缓冲） icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts ip_dynaddr tcp_abc tcp_keepalive_time tcp_rfc1337 tcp_workaround_signed_windows icmp_errors_use_inbound_ifaddr ip_forward tcp_abort_on_overflow tcp_low_latency tcp_rmem（接收缓冲） udp_mem icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses ipfrag_high_thresh tcp_adv_win_scale tcp_max_orphans tcp_sack udp_rmem_min icmp_ratelimit ipfrag_low_thresh tcp_app_win tcp_max_syn_backlog tcp_slow_start_after_idle udp_wmem_min icmp_ratemask ipfrag_max_dist tcp_base_mss tcp_max_tw_buckets（保存当前系统所有处于timewait连接 的个数） tcp_stdurg igmp_max_memberships ipfrag_secret_interval tcp_congestion_control tcp_mem（tcp套接字缓冲区大小，包括接收缓存和发送缓冲) tcp_synack_retries igmp_max_msf ipfrag_time tcp_dma_copybreak tcp_moderate_rcvbuf tcp_syncookies inet_peer_gc_maxtime ip_local_port_range tcp_dsack tcp_mtu_probing tcp_syn_retries [root@instructor ipv4]# cd ..（切换到上级目录） [root@instructor core]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录） dev_weight message_cost netdev_max_backlog rmem_default somaxconn wmem_max xfrm_aevent_etime xfrm_larval_drop message_burst netdev_budget optmem_max rmem_max wmem_default xfrm_acq_expires xfrm_aevent_rseqth [root@instructor core]# cd（切换到用户家目录） [root@instructor ~]# time /bin/ls（查看ls命令执行时长） anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog real 0m0.003s（实际执行时长，cpu执行时长） user 0m0.002s（花在用户空间时长） sys 0m0.000s（花在系统空间时长）
x86:
CPU:
Inter VT-x
AMD AMD-V
MMU:
Inter EPT
AMD NPT
IO:
Inter IOMMU
emulated: Qemu,模拟器，扩平台模拟；
OS + VM
bare-metal: VM + Guest
虚拟化种类：Full Virtualization 完全虚拟化
Para Virtualization 半虚拟化
GuestOS的内核了解主机工作在VM之上；
Emulator 模拟器
OS-Level，（Container）
OpenVZ,UML
Library Virtualization
Wine, cywin
Application Virtulization
BT：动态翻译技术；
Xen, KVM
Xen Arch
Xcp:xen和linux系统整合的ios，直接安装；
Linux --: OS
Xen
/etc/grub.conf
Kernel /xen.gz
Module /vmlinuz
Module /initrd
Para Virt
Xen Para-virtualization Architecture
Full Virt
Xen Full Virtualization Architecture
RHEL5.4之前, Xen
RHEL5.4: Xen 和 KVM（64位平台上）
RHEL6.0: KVM（64bits）
RHEL6.0: DomU，但不能运行为Dom0
Linux: 2.6.24+ pvops framework
DomU
Linux: 2.6.37（3.0+）
Dom0
RHEL 6.4 64bit:
1、下载最新内核
"Development Tools" "Server Platform Development" "Desktoop Platform Development"
Xen
kernel /xen.gz
module
module /
Xen-4.0
xend/xm
Xen-4.1
xl（轻量级）,xend/xm；两个不兼容；
Xen-4.2
xl
Xen: 虚拟机平台
xm/xl
Qemu: qemu
libvirt 通用管理接口
libvirtd服务/virsh；
virt-manager: GUI
virt-install:
IaaS:
OpenStack
CloudStack
OpenNebular
KVM/Qemu --> Virsh , qemu-kvm
Dom0 Kernel
CONFIG_ACPI_PROCFS=y
CONFIG_XEN=ye
CONFIG_XEN_MAX_DOMAIN_MEMORY=32
CONFIG_XEN_SAVE_RESTORE=y
CONFIG_XEN_DOM0=y
CONFIG_XEN_PRIVILEGED_GUEST=y
CONFIG_XEN_PCI=y
CONFIG_PCI_XEN=y
CONFIG_XEN_BLKDEV_FRONTENE=y
CONFIG_XEN_NETDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_KBDDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_HVC_XEN=y
CONFIG_XEN_FBDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_BALLOON=y
CONFIG_XEN_SCRUB_PAGES=y
CONFIG_XEN_DEV_EVTCHN=y
CONFIG_XEN_GNTDEV=y
CONFIG_XEN_BACKEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_BLKDEV_BACKEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_NETDEV_BACKEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_FS=y
CONFIG_XEN_COMPAT_XENFS=y
CONFIG_XEN_XENBUS_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_PCIDEV_FRONTEND=y
DomU Kernel
CONFIG_XEN=y
CONFIG_PARAVIRT_GUEST=y
CONFIG_PARAVIRT=y
CONFIG_XEN_PVHVM=y
CONFIG_XEN_MAX_DOMAIN_MEMORY=128
CONFIG_XEN_SAVE_RESTORE=y
CONFIG_PCI_XEN=y
CONFIG_XEN_PCIDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_BLKDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_NETDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_INPUT_XEN_KBDDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_HVC_XEN=y
CONFIG_XEN_FBDEV_FRONTEND=y
CONFIG_XEN_DEV_DETCHN=y
CONFIG_XEN_XENBUS_FRONTEND=y
grub配置：
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /xen.gz dom0_mem=1024M cpufreq=xen dom0_max_vcpus=2 dom0_vcpus_pin（dom0_mem指定dom0使用内存空间多大，cpufreq cpu由xen管理， dom0_max_vcpus dom0最多使用多少虚拟cpu）
module /vmlinuz-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg0-root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_LVM_LV=vg0/swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_NO_DM KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_LVM_LV=vg0/root rhgb quiet
module /initramfs-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux (2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64 ro root=/dev/mapper/vg0-root rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_LVM_LV=vg0/swap rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_NO_DM KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_LVM_LV=vg0/root rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64.img
Dom1: 在半虚拟化情况下虚拟机可以没有内核，只有根文件系统；
rootfs
xm create /dev/null ramdisk=initrd.img \
kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.12.6-xenU \
name=ramdisk vif='' vcpus=1 \
memory=64 root=/dev/ram0
环境：由于很难找到rhel6.4的yum源及xen的依赖相关软件包，所以使用centos6.6的64位系统安装Xen-4.1.3；
[root@node1 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg kernel-xen-firmware-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm xen-libs-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
install.log kernel-xen-headers-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm xen-licenses-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
install.log.syslog kernel-xen-release-6-4.noarch.rpm xen-runtime-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
kernel-xen-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm xen-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm xen.tar.bz2
kernel-xen-devel-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm xen-hypervisor-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
[root@node1 ~]# yum -y localinstall --nogpgcheck *.rpm（安装本地rpm包，--nogpgcheck不做gpg检查）
[root@node1 ~]# ls /boot/（查看/boot目录文件及子目录）
config-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img symvers-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64
xen-syms-4.1.3 config-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64 initramfs-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.img
System.map-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 xen-4.1.3.gz
efi lost+found System.map-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64 xen-4.1.gz
grub symvers-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 xen.gz
提示：/boot目录下生成文件叫xen-4.1.3.gz，这就是xen的hypervisor，运行在dom0中的内核 vmlinuz-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64，与之相匹配的initrd文件initramfs
-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.img；
[root@node1 ~]# rpm -ql xen（查看安装xen生成那些文件）
/etc/rc.d/init.d/xend（服务）
/etc/rc.d/init.d/xendomains
/etc/sysconfig/xendomains
/etc/xen/auto
/etc/xen/xend-config.sxp（服务主配置文件）
/etc/xen/xend-pci-permissive.sxp
/etc/xen/xend-pci-quirks.sxp
/etc/xen/xm-config.xml（客户端配置文件）
/etc/xen/xmexample.hvm
/etc/xen/xmexample.hvm-stubdom
/etc/xen/xmexample.nbd
/etc/xen/xmexample.pv-grub
/etc/xen/xmexample.vti
/etc/xen/xmexample1
/etc/xen/xmexample2
/etc/xen/xmexample3
/usr/bin/xencons
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen-3.0-py2.6.egg-info
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/__init__.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/__init__.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/__init__.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/__init__.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/__init__.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/__init__.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/acm.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/checkpoint.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/flask.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/netlink.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/ptsname.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/xc.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/xl.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/lowlevel/xs.so
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/__init__.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/__init__.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/__init__.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/blkdev.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/blkdev.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/blkdev.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/device.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/device.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/device.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/image.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/image.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/image.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/netlink.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/netlink.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/netlink.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/profile.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/profile.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/profile.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/qdisc.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/qdisc.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/remus/qdisc.pyo
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/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/rmlabel.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/setenforce.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/setenforce.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/setenforce.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/setpolicy.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/setpolicy.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/setpolicy.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/shutdown.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/shutdown.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/shutdown.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests/__init__.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests/__init__.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests/__init__.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests/test_create.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests/test_create.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/tests/test_create.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/xenapi_create.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/xenapi_create.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xm/xenapi_create.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/__init__.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/__init__.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/__init__.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/main.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/main.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/main.pyo
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/xsviewer.py
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/xsviewer.pyc
/usr/lib64/python2.6/site-packages/xen/xsview/xsviewer.pyo
/usr/sbin/xend
/usr/sbin/xm
/usr/share/doc/xen-4.1.3
/usr/share/doc/xen-4.1.3/COPYING
/usr/share/doc/xen-4.1.3/README
/usr/share/man/man1/xm.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/xend-config.sxp.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/xmdomain.cfg.5.gz
/usr/share/xen/create.dtd
/var/lib/xen/xend-db
/var/lib/xen/xend-db/domain
/var/lib/xen/xend-db/migrate
/var/lib/xen/xend-db/vnet
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/grub.conf（编辑grub.conf配置文件）
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /xen.gz dom0_mem=512M cpufreq=xen dom0_max_vcpus=2 dom0_vcpus_pin
module /vmlinuz-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64 ro root=UUID=cf43ec31-f59f-423f-aa0b-d091c18b2fa4 rd_NO_LUKS KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us
rd_NO_MD crashkernel=auto LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
module /initramfs-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.img
title CentOS 6 (2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 ro root=UUID=cf43ec31-f59f-423f-aa0b-d091c18b2fa4 rd_NO_LUKS KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us
rd_NO_MD crashkernel=auto LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img
[root@node1 ~]# shutdown -r now（重启操作系统）
启动过程：
选择从xen内核启动；
[root@node1 ~]# uname -r（查看内核版本）
3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64
[root@node1 ~]# ls /proc/（查看/proc目录文件及子目录）
1 1634 1850 2258 2722 2841 404 777 asound dma kallsyms meminfo self uptime
10 1635 19 2259 2732 2845 5 780 buddyinfo driver kcore misc slabinfo version
11 1670 2 2301 2733 2862 508 8 bus execdomains key-users modules softirqs vmallocinfo
1108 17 213 2315 2734 29 525 869 cgroups fb keys mounts stat vmstat
12 1726 214 2397 2761 2909 526 870 cmdline filesystems kmsg mpt swaps xen
1238 1734 2159 2502 2766 2913 594 892 consoles fs kpagecount mtd sys zoneinfo
1244 1736 216 2547 2768 2997 6 894 cpuinfo interrupts kpageflags net sysrq-trigger
14 1747 2161 2567 2770 3 609 9 crypto iomem loadavg pagetypeinfo sysvipc
15 1748 2221 2609 2771 386 7 943 devices ioports locks partitions timer_list
16 18 2222 2645 28 397 770 acpi diskstats irq mdstat scsi tty
提示：在/proc目录有个xen目录
[root@node1 ~]# ls /proc/xen/（查看/proc/xen目录文件及子目录）
capabilities privcmd xenbus
[root@node1 ~]# cat /proc/xen/capabilities（查看capabilities文件内容）
control_d
提示：/proc/xen/capabilities文件有control_d说明xen内核已经启动了，所以已经支持xen功能了；
[root@node1 ~]# chkconfig xend on（让xend服务在相应系统级别开机自动启动）
[root@node1 ~]# xm help（查看xm命令帮助）
Usage: xm <subcommand> [args]
Control, list, and manipulate Xen guest instances.
xm full list of subcommands:
console Attach to <Domain>'s console.（连接虚拟机平台）
vncviewer Attach to <Domain>'s VNC server.
create Create a domain based on <ConfigFile>.（创建虚拟机）
new Adds a domain to Xend domain management
delete Remove a domain from Xend domain management.
destroy Terminate a domain immediately.
domid Convert a domain name to domain id.
domname Convert a domain id to domain name.
dump-core Dump core for a specific domain.
list List information about all/some domains.（列出所有域）
mem-max Set the maximum amount reservation for a domain.
mem-set Set the current memory usage for a domain.
migrate Migrate a domain to another machine.
pause Pause execution of a domain.
reboot Reboot a domain.（热重启）
rename Rename a domain.
reset Reset a domain.（按重启键）
restore Restore a domain from a saved state.
resume Resume a Xend managed domain
save Save a domain state to restore later.
shutdown Shutdown a domain.
start Start a Xend managed domain
suspend Suspend a Xend managed domain（挂起）
sysrq Send a sysrq to a domain.
trigger Send a trigger to a domain.
top Monitor a host and the domains in real time.
unpause Unpause a paused domain.
uptime Print uptime for all/some domains.（查看运行时长）
usb-add Add the usb device to FV VM.
usb-del Delete the usb device to FV VM.
domstate get the state of a domain
vcpu-list List the VCPUs for all/some domains.（查看有多少cpu）
vcpu-pin Set which CPUs a VCPU can use.
vcpu-set Set the number of active VCPUs for allowed for
the domain.
debug-keys Send debug keys to Xen.
dmesg Read and/or clear Xend's message buffer.
info Get information about Xen host.
log Print Xend log
serve Proxy Xend XMLRPC over stdio.
sched-credit2 Get/set credit2 scheduler parameters.
sched-credit Get/set credit scheduler parameters.
sched-sedf Get/set EDF parameters.
block-attach Create a new virtual block device.
block-detach Destroy a domain's virtual block device.
block-list List virtual block devices for a domain.
block-configure Change block device configuration
network-attach Create a new virtual network device.
network-detach Destroy a domain's virtual network device.
network-list List virtual network interfaces for a domain.
network2-attach Create a new version 2 virtual network device.
network2-detach Destroy a domain's version 2 virtual network
device.
network2-list List version 2 virtual network interfaces for a
domain.
vtpm-list List virtual TPM devices.
pci-attach Insert a new pass-through pci device.
pci-detach Remove a domain's pass-through pci device.
pci-list List pass-through pci devices for a domain.
pci-list-assignable-devices List all the assignable pci devices
scsi-attach Attach a new SCSI device.
scsi-detach Detach a specified SCSI device.
scsi-list List all SCSI devices currently attached.
usb-attach Attach a new USB physical bus to domain's
virtual port.
usb-detach Detach a USB physical bus from domain's virtual
port.
usb-list List domain's attachment state of all virtual
port .
usb-list-assignable-devices List all the assignable usb devices
usb-hc-create Create a domain's new virtual USB host
controller.
usb-hc-destroy Destroy a domain's virtual USB host controller.
vnet-list List Vnets.
vnet-create Create a vnet from ConfigFile.
vnet-delete Delete a Vnet.
setpolicy Set the policy of the system.
labels List <type> labels for (active) policy.
addlabel Add security label to domain.
rmlabel Remove a security label from domain.
getlabel Show security label for domain or resource.
dry-run Test if a domain can access its resources.
resources Show info for each labeled resource.
dumppolicy Print hypervisor ACM state information.
resetpolicy Set the policy of the system to the default
policy.
getpolicy Get the policy of the system.
getenforce Returns the current enforcing mode for the Flask
XSM module (Enforcing,Permissive)
setenforce Modifies the current enforcing mode for the
Flask XSM module
tmem-list List tmem pools.
tmem-thaw Thaw tmem pools.
tmem-freeze Freeze tmem pools.
tmem-destroy Destroy tmem pools.
tmem-set Change tmem settings.
tmem-shared-auth De/authenticate shared tmem pool.
cpupool-create Create a CPU pool based an ConfigFile.
cpupool-new Adds a CPU pool to Xend CPU pool management
cpupool-start Starts a Xend CPU pool
cpupool-list List CPU pools on host
cpupool-destroy Deactivates a CPU pool
cpupool-delete Removes a CPU pool from Xend management
cpupool-cpu-add Adds a CPU to a CPU pool
cpupool-cpu-remove Removes a CPU from a CPU pool
cpupool-migrate Moves a domain into a CPU pool
shell Launch an interactive shell.
<Domain> can either be the Domain Name or Id.
For more help on 'xm' see the xm(1) man page.
For more help on 'xm create' see the xmdomain.cfg(5) man page.
[root@node1 ~]# xm list（列出所有的域）
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 2 r----- 94.3
[root@node1 ~]# man xm（查看xm的man帮助）
r - running
The domain is currently running on a CPU.
b - blocked（阻塞）
The domain is blocked, and not running or runnable. This can be caused because the domain is waiting on IO (a tradit
ional wait state) or has
gone to sleep because there was nothing else for it to do.
p - paused（暂停）
The domain has been paused, usually occurring through the administrator running xm pause. When in a paused state the
domain will still
consume allocated resources like memory, but will not be eligible for scheduling by the Xen hypervisor.
s - shutdown（关闭）
FIXME: Why would you ever see this state?
c - crashed（崩溃）
The domain has crashed, which is always a violent ending. Usually this state can only occur if the domain has been co
nfigured not to res
tart
on crash. See xmdomain.cfg for more info.
d - dying（正在关闭）
The domain is in process of dying, but hasn’t completely shutdown or crashed.
FIXME: Is this right?
migrate domain-id host [OPTIONS]（迁移）
Migrate a domain to another host machine. Xend must be running on other host machine, it must be running the same version
of Xen, it must hav
e the
migration TCP port open and accepting connections from the source host, and there must be sufficient resources for the dom
ain to run (memory,
disk, etc).
Migration is pretty complicated, and has many security implications. Please read the Xen User’s Guide to ensure you under
stand the ramificat
ions
and limitations on migration before attempting it in production.
create configfile [OPTIONS] [vars]..
The create subcommand requires a config file and can optionally take a series of vars that add to or override variables
defined in the config file. See xmdomain.cfg for full details of that file format, and possible options used in either the
configfile or for vars.
configfile can either be an absolute path to a file, or a relative path to a file located in /etc/xen.
Create will return as soon as the domain is started. This does not mean the guest OS in the domain has actually booted, or
is available for input.
without config file
xm create /dev/null ramdisk=initrd.img \
kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.12.6-xenU \
name=ramdisk vif='' vcpus=1 \
memory=64 root=/dev/ram0
[root@node1 ~]# mkdir -pv /xen/vm1（创建/xen/vm1目录，-p递归创建，-v显示创建过程）
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/xen"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "/xen/vm1"
[root@node1 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/xen/vm1/test.img oflag=direct bs=1M seek=2048 count=1（从/dev/zero复制到test.img映像文件，oflag标志位，
直接输出，bs块大小，seek稀疏磁盘镜像，跳过去2048,最后创建1个，count个数）
记录了1+0 的读入
记录了1+0 的写出
1048576字节(1.0 MB)已复制，0.059518 秒，17.6 MB/秒
[root@node1 ~]# ls -lh /xen/vm1/（查看/xen/vm1目录文件及子目录详细信息，-h做单位换算）
总用量 1.0M
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.1G 7月 25 21:12 test.img
提示：大小为2.1G；
[root@node1 ~]# du -sh /xen/vm1/test.img（查看test.img文件大小）
1.0M /xen/vm1/test.img
提示：通过du查看test.img是1M；
[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /xen/vm1/test.img（格式化test.img映像文件）
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
/xen/vm1/test.img is not a block special device.
无论如何也要继续? (y,n) y
警告: 256 块未使用.
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131328 inodes, 524288 blocks
26227 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8208 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@node1 ~]# mount -o loop /xen/vm1/test.img /mnt（将test.img映像文件挂载到/mnt，-o指定挂载选项）
[root@node1 ~]# lftp 172.16.0.1（连接ftp服务器）
cd ok, cwd=/pub/Sources
lftp 172.16.0.1:/pub/Sources> cd ../Files/scripts/（切换到../Files/scripts/目录）
lftp 172.16.0.1:/pub/Sources> get bincp.sh（下载bincp.sh脚本）
710 bytes transferred
lftp 172.16.0.1:/pub/Sources> bye（退出）
[root@node1 ~]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
anaconda-ks.cfg kernel-xen-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm kernel-xen-release-6-4.noarch.rpm
xen-licenses-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm bincp.sh kernel-xen-devel-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm
xen-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm xen-runtime-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
install.log kernel-xen-firmware-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm xen-hypervisor-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
install.log.syslog kernel-xen-headers-3.14.31-1.el6xen.x86_64.rpm xen-libs-4.1.3-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
[root@node1 ~]# vim bincp.sh（编辑bincp.sh脚本）
#!/bin/bash
#
DEST=/mnt/
libcp() {
LIBPATH=${1%/*}
[ ! -d $DEST$LIBPATH ] && mkdir -p $DEST$LIBPATH
[ ! -e $DEST${1} ] && cp $1 $DEST$LIBPATH && echo "copy lib $1 finished."
}
bincp() {
CMDPATH=${1%/*}
[ ! -d $DEST$CMDPATH ] && mkdir -p $DEST$CMDPATH
[ ! -e $DEST${1} ] && cp $1 $DEST$CMDPATH
for LIB in `ldd $1 | grep -o "/.*lib\(64\)\{0,1\}/[^[:space:]]\{1,\}"`; do
libcp $LIB
done
}
read -p "Your command: " CMD
until [ $CMD == 'q' ]; do
! which $CMD && echo "Wrong command" && read -p "Input again:" CMD && continue
COMMAND=` which $CMD | grep -v "^alias" | grep -o "[^[:space:]]\{1,\}"`
bincp $COMMAND
echo "copy $COMMAND finished."
read -p "Continue: " CMD
done
[root@node1 ~]# bash bincp.sh（执行bincp.sh脚本）
Your command: init
/sbin/init
copy lib /lib64/libnih.so.1 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libnih-dbus.so.1 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libdbus-1.so.3 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libpthread.so.0 finished.
copy lib /lib64/librt.so.1 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libgcc_s.so.1 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libc.so.6 finished.
copy lib /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 finished.
copy /sbin/init finished.
Continue: bash
/bin/bash
copy lib /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libdl.so.2 finished.
copy /bin/bash finished.
Continue: ls
/bin/ls
copy lib /lib64/libselinux.so.1 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libcap.so.2 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libacl.so.1 finished.
copy lib /lib64/libattr.so.1 finished.
copy /bin/ls finished.
Continue: cat
/bin/cat
copy /bin/cat finished.
Continue: q
[root@node1 ~]# cd /mnt/（切换到/mnt目录）
[root@node1 mnt]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
bin lib64 lost+found sbin
[root@node1 mnt]# tree .（查看当前目录树）
.
├── bin
│ ├── bash
│ ├── cat
│ └── ls
├── lib64
│ ├── ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
│ ├── libacl.so.1
│ ├── libattr.so.1
│ ├── libcap.so.2
│ ├── libc.so.6
│ ├── libdbus-1.so.3
│ ├── libdl.so.2
│ ├── libgcc_s.so.1
│ ├── libnih-dbus.so.1
│ ├── libnih.so.1
│ ├── libpthread.so.0
│ ├── librt.so.1
│ ├── libselinux.so.1
│ └── libtinfo.so.5
├── lost+found
└── sbin
└── init
4 directories, 18 files
[root@node1 mnt]# cd（切换到家目录）
[root@node1 ~]# chroot /mnt（切换根目录到/mnt）
bash-4.1# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
bin lib64 lost+found sbin
bash-4.1# exit（退出）
exit
[root@node1 ~]# cd /mnt/（切换到/mnt目录）
[root@node1 ~]# cat /etc/inittab（查看/etc/inittab文件内容）
# inittab is only used by upstart for the default runlevel.
#
# ADDING OTHER CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.
#
# System initialization is started by /etc/init/rcS.conf
#
# Individual runlevels are started by /etc/init/rc.conf
#
# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
#
# Terminal gettys are handled by /etc/init/tty.conf and /etc/init/serial.conf,
# with configuration in /etc/sysconfig/init.
#
# For information on how to write upstart event handlers, or how
# upstart works, see init(5), init(8), and initctl(8).
#
# Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:3:initdefault:
[root@node1 ~]# ls /etc/init/（查看/etc/init目录文件及子目录）
control-alt-delete.conf kexec-disable.conf prefdm.conf rc.conf（系统初始化脚本） rcS-emergency.conf（紧急救援模式）
serial.conf（串型终端） start-ttys.conf（启动几个终端) init-system-dbus.conf（管理dbus）
plymouth-shutdown.conf quit-plymouth.conf rcS.conf（定义怎么启动rc.sysinit脚本）
rcS-sulogin.conf splash-manager.conf（管理splash） tty.conf（定义tty终端）
[root@node1 mnt]# mkdir -pv proc sys dev etc/{init,rc.d} var/{log,run}（创建目录，-p递归创建，-v显示创建过程）
mkdir: 已创建目录 "proc"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "sys"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "dev"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "etc"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "etc/init"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "etc/rc.d"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "var"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "var/log"
mkdir: 已创建目录 "var/run"
[root@node1 mnt]# ll（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
总用量 48
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 25 21:29 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 25 21:39 dev
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 7月 25 21:39 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 25 21:29 lib64
drwx------. 2 root root 16384 7月 25 21:15 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 25 21:39 proc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 25 21:29 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 7月 25 21:39 sys
drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 7月 25 21:39 var
[root@node1 mnt]# ls /（查看根目录文件及子目录）
bin boot dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var xen
[root@node1 mnt]# mkdir tmp（创建tmp目录）
[root@node1 mnt]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
bin dev etc lib64 lost+found proc sbin sys tmp var
[root@node1 mnt]# cp /etc/init/rcS.conf /mnt/etc/init/（复制/rcS.conf到/mnt/etc/init目录）
[root@node1 mnt]# vim /mnt/etc/init/rcS.conf（编辑rcS.conf文件）
# rcS - runlevel compatibility
#
# This task runs the old sysv-rc startup scripts.
#
# Do not edit this file directly. If you want to change the behaviour,
# please create a file rcS.override and put your changes there.
start on startup
stop on runlevel
task
# Note: there can be no previous runlevel here, if we have one it's bad
# information (we enter rc1 not rcS for maintenance). Run /etc/rc.d/rc
# without information so that it defaults to previous=N runlevel=S.
console output
exec /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
[root@node1 mnt]# vim /mnt/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit（编辑rc.sysinit脚本）
#!/bin/bash
#
echo -e "\tWelcome to MiniLinux(www.magedu.com)"（-e解释反斜杠转义，\t缩进一个tab键）
/bin/bash
[root@node1 mnt]# chmod +x /mnt/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit（给rc.sysinit执行权限）
[root@node1 mnt]# cd（切换到用户家目录）
[root@node1 ~]# ls /boot/（查看/boot目录文件及子目录）
config-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img symvers-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64
xen.gz config-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64 initramfs-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.img
symvers-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64.gz vmlinuz-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64 xen-syms-4.1.3
efi initrd-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64kdump.img System.map-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64
xen-4.1.3.gz grub lost+found System.map-3.7.4-1.el6xen.x86_64
xen-4.1.gz
[root@node1 ~]# cd /etc/xen/（切换到/etc/xen目录）
[root@node1 xen]# vim test（编辑test文件）
ramdisk="/boot/initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img"（指定initramfs文件）
kernel="/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64"（内核）
name="test"（名字）
vcpus=1（cpu个数）
memory=256（内存）
disk=['file:/xen/vm1/test.img,xvda,w',] （根文件系统地方，类型为文件，xvda映射xen设备名称，xen虚拟磁盘，w可读写）
root="/dev/xvda1 ro"（第一个磁盘设备）
[root@node1 xen]# umount /mnt/（卸载test.img映像文件）
[root@node1 xen]# mount（查看已经挂载的文件系统）
/dev/sda2 on / type ext4 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:tmpfs_t:s0")
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
xenstore on /var/lib/xenstored type tmpfs (rw,rootcontext="system_u:object_r:xenstored_var_lib_t:s0")
[root@node1 xen]# xm create test（创建虚拟机）
Using config file "./test".
Started domain test (id=1)
[root@node1 xen]# xm list（查看所有的domain）
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 2 r----- 323.4
test 23 256 1 -b---- 1.7
[root@node1 xen]# xm console test（连接到test域的控制台）
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Linux version 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC) ) #1
SMP Wed Oct 15 04:27:16 UTC 2014
Command line: root=/dev/xvda1 ro
KERNEL supported cpus:
Intel GenuineIntel
AMD AuthenticAMD
Centaur CentaurHauls
Disabled fast string operations
ACPI in unprivileged domain disabled
released 0 pages of unused memory
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable)
Xen: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000010000000 (usable)
DMI not present or invalid.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
RAMDISK: 0204b000 - 04ffa000
No NUMA configuration found
Faking a node at 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
Bootmem setup node 0 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
NODE_DATA [000000000005a000 - 000000000008dfff]
bootmap [000000000008e000 - 000000000008ffff] pages 2
(7 early reservations) ==> bootmem [0000000000 - 0010000000]
#0 [0000000000 - 0000001000] BIOS data page ==> [0000000000 - 0000001000]
#1 [000507d000 - 00050aa000] XEN PAGETABLES ==> [000507d000 - 00050aa000]
#2 [0000006000 - 0000008000] TRAMPOLINE ==> [0000006000 - 0000008000]
#3 [0001000000 - 000202abe4] TEXT DATA BSS ==> [0001000000 - 000202abe4]
#4 [000204b000 - 0004ffa000] RAMDISK ==> [000204b000 - 0004ffa000]
#5 [0004ffa000 - 000507d000] XEN START INFO ==> [0004ffa000 - 000507d000]
#6 [0000008000 - 000005a000] PGTABLE ==> [0000008000 - 000005a000]
Zone PFN ranges:
DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00100000
Movable zone start PFN for each node
early_node_map[2] active PFN ranges
0: 0x00000001 -> 0x000000a0
0: 0x00000100 -> 0x00010000
SFI: Simple Firmware Interface v0.7 http://simplefirmware.org
SMP: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
No local APIC present
APIC: disable apic facility
PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000
Allocating PCI resources starting at 10000000 (gap: 10000000:f0000000)
Booting paravirtualized kernel on Xen
Xen version: 4.1.3 (preserve-AD)
NR_CPUS:4096 nr_cpumask_bits:1 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
PERCPU: Embedded 31 pages/cpu @ffff8800050e0000 s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976
pcpu-alloc: s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976 alloc=31*4096
pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
Xen: using vcpu_info placement
Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 64458
Policy zone: DMA32
Kernel command line: root=/dev/xvda1 ro
PID hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Checking aperture...
No AGP bridge found
Memory: 191148k/262144k available (5336k kernel code, 388k absent, 70608k reserved, 7016k data, 1292k init)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:33024 nr_irqs:256
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
console [tty0] enabled
console [hvc0] enabled
allocated 1048576 bytes of page_cgroup
please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
installing Xen timer for CPU 0
Detected 2493.416 MHz processor.
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 4986.83 BogoMIPS (lpj=2493416)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Security Framework initialized
SELinux: Initializing.
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
Initializing cgroup subsys ns
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Initializing cgroup subsys memory
Initializing cgroup subsys devices
Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
Initializing cgroup subsys net_cls
Initializing cgroup subsys blkio
Initializing cgroup subsys perf_event
Initializing cgroup subsys net_prio
Disabled fast string operations
alternatives: switching to unfair spinlock
SMP alternatives: switching to UP code
Freeing SMP alternatives: 36k freed
ftrace: converting mcount calls to 0f 1f 44 00 00
ftrace: allocating 21917 entries in 86 pages
Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 58 no PMU driver, software events only.
NMI watchdog disabled (cpu0): hardware events not enabled
Brought up 1 CPUs
devtmpfs: initialized
Grant table initialized
regulator: core version 0.5
NET: Registered protocol family 16
PCI: Fatal: No config space access function found
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
xen_balloon: Initialising balloon driver.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
Switching to clocksource xen
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
TCP reno registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
Freeing initrd memory: 48828k freed
platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found)
futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1469461337.731:1): initialized
HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.2
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
msgmni has been set to 468
alg: No test for stdrng (krng)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key FEBCF26ABFDA92DD
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
pciehp: PCI Express Hot Plug Controller Driver version: 0.4
acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
Non-volatile memory driver v1.3
Linux agpgart interface v0.103
crash memory driver: version 1.1
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
input: Macintosh mouse button emulation as /devices/virtual/input/input0
Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
rtc_cmos: probe of rtc_cmos failed with error -16
cpuidle: using governor ladder
cpuidle: using governor menu
EFI Variables Facility v0.08 2004-May-17
usbcore: registered new interface driver hiddev
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: v2.6:USB HID core driver
GRE over IPv4 demultiplexor driver
TCP cubic registered
Initializing XFRM netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 17
registered taskstats version 1
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/console/0
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vbd/51712
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1292k freed
Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 10240k
Freeing unused kernel memory: 788k freed
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1568k freed
dracut: dracut-004-356.el6
device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.27.0-ioctl (2013-10-30) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
udev: starting version 147
dracut: Starting plymouth daemon
xlblk_init: register_blkdev major: 202
blkfront: xvda: barriers disabled
xvda: unknown partition table
提示：报错，未知分区表，连接到console退出使用ctrl+]；
[root@node1 xen]# xm list（这个虚拟机启动起来就挂了）
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 2 r----- 360.4
[root@node1 xen]# vim test（编辑test文件）
ramdisk="/boot/initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img"
kernel="/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64"
name="test"
vcpus=1
memory=256
disk=['file:/xen/vm1/test.img,xvda,w',]
root="/dev/xvda ro"
[root@node1 xen]# xm create -c test（创建test虚拟机，-c连接到console）
Using config file "./test".
Started domain test (id=79)
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Linux version 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC) ) #1
SMP Wed Oct 15 04:27:16 UTC 2014
Command line: root=/dev/xvda ro
KERNEL supported cpus:
Intel GenuineIntel
AMD AuthenticAMD
Centaur CentaurHauls
Disabled fast string operations
ACPI in unprivileged domain disabled
released 0 pages of unused memory
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable)
Xen: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000010000000 (usable)
DMI not present or invalid.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
RAMDISK: 0204b000 - 04ffa000
No NUMA configuration found
Faking a node at 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
Bootmem setup node 0 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
NODE_DATA [000000000005a000 - 000000000008dfff]
bootmap [000000000008e000 - 000000000008ffff] pages 2
(7 early reservations) ==> bootmem [0000000000 - 0010000000]
#0 [0000000000 - 0000001000] BIOS data page ==> [0000000000 - 0000001000]
#1 [000507d000 - 00050aa000] XEN PAGETABLES ==> [000507d000 - 00050aa000]
#2 [0000006000 - 0000008000] TRAMPOLINE ==> [0000006000 - 0000008000]
#3 [0001000000 - 000202abe4] TEXT DATA BSS ==> [0001000000 - 000202abe4]
#4 [000204b000 - 0004ffa000] RAMDISK ==> [000204b000 - 0004ffa000]
#5 [0004ffa000 - 000507d000] XEN START INFO ==> [0004ffa000 - 000507d000]
#6 [0000008000 - 000005a000] PGTABLE ==> [0000008000 - 000005a000]
Zone PFN ranges:
DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00100000
Movable zone start PFN for each node
early_node_map[2] active PFN ranges
0: 0x00000001 -> 0x000000a0
0: 0x00000100 -> 0x00010000
SFI: Simple Firmware Interface v0.7 http://simplefirmware.org
SMP: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
No local APIC present
APIC: disable apic facility
PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000
Allocating PCI resources starting at 10000000 (gap: 10000000:f0000000)
Booting paravirtualized kernel on Xen
Xen version: 4.1.3 (preserve-AD)
NR_CPUS:4096 nr_cpumask_bits:1 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
PERCPU: Embedded 31 pages/cpu @ffff8800050e0000 s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976
pcpu-alloc: s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976 alloc=31*4096
pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
Xen: using vcpu_info placement
Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 64458
Policy zone: DMA32
Kernel command line: root=/dev/xvda ro
PID hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Checking aperture...
No AGP bridge found
Memory: 191148k/262144k available (5336k kernel code, 388k absent, 70608k reserved, 7016k data, 1292k init)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:33024 nr_irqs:256
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
console [tty0] enabled
console [hvc0] enabled
allocated 1048576 bytes of page_cgroup
please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
installing Xen timer for CPU 0
Detected 2493.416 MHz processor.
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 4986.83 BogoMIPS (lpj=2493416)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Security Framework initialized
SELinux: Initializing.
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
Initializing cgroup subsys ns
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Initializing cgroup subsys memory
Initializing cgroup subsys devices
Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
Initializing cgroup subsys net_cls
Initializing cgroup subsys blkio
Initializing cgroup subsys perf_event
Initializing cgroup subsys net_prio
Disabled fast string operations
alternatives: switching to unfair spinlock
SMP alternatives: switching to UP code
Freeing SMP alternatives: 36k freed
ftrace: converting mcount calls to 0f 1f 44 00 00
ftrace: allocating 21917 entries in 86 pages
Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 58 no PMU driver, software events only.
NMI watchdog disabled (cpu0): hardware events not enabled
Brought up 1 CPUs
devtmpfs: initialized
Grant table initialized
regulator: core version 0.5
NET: Registered protocol family 16
PCI: Fatal: No config space access function found
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
xen_balloon: Initialising balloon driver.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
Switching to clocksource xen
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
TCP reno registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
Freeing initrd memory: 48828k freed
platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found)
futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1469464434.908:1): initialized
HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.2
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
msgmni has been set to 468
alg: No test for stdrng (krng)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key FEBCF26ABFDA92DD
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
pciehp: PCI Express Hot Plug Controller Driver version: 0.4
acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
Non-volatile memory driver v1.3
Linux agpgart interface v0.103
crash memory driver: version 1.1
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
input: Macintosh mouse button emulation as /devices/virtual/input/input0
Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
rtc_cmos: probe of rtc_cmos failed with error -16
cpuidle: using governor ladder
cpuidle: using governor menu
EFI Variables Facility v0.08 2004-May-17
usbcore: registered new interface driver hiddev
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: v2.6:USB HID core driver
GRE over IPv4 demultiplexor driver
TCP cubic registered
Initializing XFRM netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 17
registered taskstats version 1
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vbd/51712
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/console/0
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1292k freed
Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 10240k
Freeing unused kernel memory: 788k freed
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1568k freed
dracut: dracut-004-356.el6
device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.27.0-ioctl (2013-10-30) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
udev: starting version 147
dracut: Starting plymouth daemon
xlblk_init: register_blkdev major: 202
blkfront: xvda: barriers disabled
xvda: unknown partition table
EXT4-fs (xvda): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts:
dracut: Mounted root filesystem /dev/xvda
dracut FATAL: Machine in enforcing mode and cannot execute load_policy. To disable selinux, add selinux=0 to the kernel command line.
dracut Warning:
dracut Warning: Boot has failed. To debug this issue add "rdshell" to the kernel command line.
dracut Warning: Signal caught!
dracut Warning: Boot has failed. To debug this issue add "rdshell" to the kernel command line.（内核直接启动selinux，不能让启动）
Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
Pid: 1, comm: init Not tainted 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 #1
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff815292bc>] ? panic+0xa7/0x16f
[<ffffffff8107a5f2>] ? do_exit+0x862/0x870
[<ffffffff8118fa15>] ? fput+0x25/0x30
[<ffffffff8107a658>] ? do_group_exit+0x58/0xd0
[<ffffffff8107a6e7>] ? sys_exit_group+0x17/0x20
[<ffffffff8100b072>] ? system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
[root@node1 xen]# vim test（编辑test文件）
ramdisk="/boot/initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img"
kernel="/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64"
name="test"
vcpus=1
memory=256
disk=['file:/xen/vm1/test.img,xvda,w',]
root="/dev/xvda ro"
extra="selinux=0 3"（传递参数，关闭selinux，级别为3）
[root@node1 xen]# xm create -c test（创建test域，-c直接连接console）
Using config file "./test".
Started domain test (id=80)
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Linux version 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC) ) #1
SMP Wed Oct 15 04:27:16 UTC 2014
Command line: root=/dev/xvda ro selinux=0 3
KERNEL supported cpus:
Intel GenuineIntel
AMD AuthenticAMD
Centaur CentaurHauls
Disabled fast string operations
ACPI in unprivileged domain disabled
released 0 pages of unused memory
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable)
Xen: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000010000000 (usable)
DMI not present or invalid.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
RAMDISK: 0204b000 - 04ffa000
No NUMA configuration found
Faking a node at 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
Bootmem setup node 0 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
NODE_DATA [000000000005a000 - 000000000008dfff]
bootmap [000000000008e000 - 000000000008ffff] pages 2
(7 early reservations) ==> bootmem [0000000000 - 0010000000]
#0 [0000000000 - 0000001000] BIOS data page ==> [0000000000 - 0000001000]
#1 [000507d000 - 00050aa000] XEN PAGETABLES ==> [000507d000 - 00050aa000]
#2 [0000006000 - 0000008000] TRAMPOLINE ==> [0000006000 - 0000008000]
#3 [0001000000 - 000202abe4] TEXT DATA BSS ==> [0001000000 - 000202abe4]
#4 [000204b000 - 0004ffa000] RAMDISK ==> [000204b000 - 0004ffa000]
#5 [0004ffa000 - 000507d000] XEN START INFO ==> [0004ffa000 - 000507d000]
#6 [0000008000 - 000005a000] PGTABLE ==> [0000008000 - 000005a000]
Zone PFN ranges:
DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00100000
Movable zone start PFN for each node
early_node_map[2] active PFN ranges
0: 0x00000001 -> 0x000000a0
0: 0x00000100 -> 0x00010000
SFI: Simple Firmware Interface v0.7 http://simplefirmware.org
SMP: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
No local APIC present
APIC: disable apic facility
PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000
Allocating PCI resources starting at 10000000 (gap: 10000000:f0000000)
Booting paravirtualized kernel on Xen
Xen version: 4.1.3 (preserve-AD)
NR_CPUS:4096 nr_cpumask_bits:1 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
PERCPU: Embedded 31 pages/cpu @ffff8800050e0000 s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976
pcpu-alloc: s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976 alloc=31*4096
pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
Xen: using vcpu_info placement
Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 64458
Policy zone: DMA32
Kernel command line: root=/dev/xvda ro selinux=0 3
PID hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Checking aperture...
No AGP bridge found
Memory: 191148k/262144k available (5336k kernel code, 388k absent, 70608k reserved, 7016k data, 1292k init)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:33024 nr_irqs:256
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
console [tty0] enabled
console [hvc0] enabled
allocated 1048576 bytes of page_cgroup
please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
installing Xen timer for CPU 0
Detected 2493.416 MHz processor.
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 4986.83 BogoMIPS (lpj=2493416)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Security Framework initialized
SELinux: Disabled at boot.
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
Initializing cgroup subsys ns
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Initializing cgroup subsys memory
Initializing cgroup subsys devices
Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
Initializing cgroup subsys net_cls
Initializing cgroup subsys blkio
Initializing cgroup subsys perf_event
Initializing cgroup subsys net_prio
Disabled fast string operations
alternatives: switching to unfair spinlock
SMP alternatives: switching to UP code
Freeing SMP alternatives: 36k freed
ftrace: converting mcount calls to 0f 1f 44 00 00
ftrace: allocating 21917 entries in 86 pages
Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 58 no PMU driver, software events only.
NMI watchdog disabled (cpu0): hardware events not enabled
Brought up 1 CPUs
devtmpfs: initialized
Grant table initialized
regulator: core version 0.5
NET: Registered protocol family 16
PCI: Fatal: No config space access function found
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
xen_balloon: Initialising balloon driver.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
Switching to clocksource xen
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
TCP reno registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
Freeing initrd memory: 48828k freed
platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found)
futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1469464696.687:1): initialized
HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.2
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
msgmni has been set to 468
alg: No test for stdrng (krng)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key FEBCF26ABFDA92DD
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
pciehp: PCI Express Hot Plug Controller Driver version: 0.4
acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
Non-volatile memory driver v1.3
Linux agpgart interface v0.103
crash memory driver: version 1.1
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
input: Macintosh mouse button emulation as /devices/virtual/input/input0
Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
rtc_cmos: probe of rtc_cmos failed with error -16
cpuidle: using governor ladder
cpuidle: using governor menu
EFI Variables Facility v0.08 2004-May-17
usbcore: registered new interface driver hiddev
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: v2.6:USB HID core driver
GRE over IPv4 demultiplexor driver
TCP cubic registered
Initializing XFRM netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 17
registered taskstats version 1
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vbd/51712
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/console/0
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1292k freed
Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 10240k
Freeing unused kernel memory: 788k freed
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1568k freed
dracut: dracut-004-356.el6
device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.27.0-ioctl (2013-10-30) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
udev: starting version 147
dracut: Starting plymouth daemon
xlblk_init: register_blkdev major: 202
blkfront: xvda: barriers disabled
xvda: unknown partition table
EXT4-fs (xvda): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts:
dracut: Mounted root filesystem /dev/xvda
dracut: Switching root（切换根目录）
[root@node1 xen]# xm destroy test（终止test域）
[root@node1 xen]# xm list（查看域）
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 2 r----- 571.5
[root@node1 xen]# mount -o loop /xen/vm1/test.img /mnt/（挂载test.img到/mnt目录，-o指定挂载选项）
[root@node1 xen]# cd /mnt/（切换到/mnt目录）
[root@node1 mnt]# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
bin dev etc lib64 lost+found proc sbin sys tmp var
[root@node1 mnt]# vim etc/init/rcS.conf（编辑rcS.conf配置文件）
[root@node1 mnt]# vim etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit（编辑rc.sysinit文件）
#!/bin/bash
#
echo -e "\tWelcome to MiniLinux(www.magedu.com)"
exec /bin/bash
[root@node1 mnt]# vim etc/init/rcS.conf
#
# This task runs the old sysv-rc startup scripts.
#
# Do not edit this file directly. If you want to change the behaviour,
# please create a file rcS.override and put your changes there.
start on startup
stop on runlevel
task
# Note: there can be no previous runlevel here, if we have one it's bad
# information (we enter rc1 not rcS for maintenance). Run /etc/rc.d/rc
# without information so that it defaults to previous=N runlevel=S.
console output
exec /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit
[root@node1 mnt]# cd（切换到用户家目录）
[root@node1 ~]# sync（同步磁盘写入）
[root@node1 ~]# sync（同步磁盘写入）
[root@node1 ~]# sync（同步磁盘写入）
[root@node1 ~]# umount /mnt（卸载/mnt挂载的文件系统）
[root@node1 ~]# xm create -c test（创建test域，-c连接console）
Using config file "/etc/xen/test".
Started domain test (id=81)
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Linux version 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC) ) #1
SMP Wed Oct 15 04:27:16 UTC 2014
Command line: root=/dev/xvda ro selinux=0 3
KERNEL supported cpus:
Intel GenuineIntel
AMD AuthenticAMD
Centaur CentaurHauls
Disabled fast string operations
ACPI in unprivileged domain disabled
released 0 pages of unused memory
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable)
Xen: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000010000000 (usable)
DMI not present or invalid.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
RAMDISK: 0204b000 - 04ffa000
No NUMA configuration found
Faking a node at 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
Bootmem setup node 0 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
NODE_DATA [000000000005a000 - 000000000008dfff]
bootmap [000000000008e000 - 000000000008ffff] pages 2
(7 early reservations) ==> bootmem [0000000000 - 0010000000]
#0 [0000000000 - 0000001000] BIOS data page ==> [0000000000 - 0000001000]
#1 [000507d000 - 00050aa000] XEN PAGETABLES ==> [000507d000 - 00050aa000]
#2 [0000006000 - 0000008000] TRAMPOLINE ==> [0000006000 - 0000008000]
#3 [0001000000 - 000202abe4] TEXT DATA BSS ==> [0001000000 - 000202abe4]
#4 [000204b000 - 0004ffa000] RAMDISK ==> [000204b000 - 0004ffa000]
#5 [0004ffa000 - 000507d000] XEN START INFO ==> [0004ffa000 - 000507d000]
#6 [0000008000 - 000005a000] PGTABLE ==> [0000008000 - 000005a000]
Zone PFN ranges:
DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00100000
Movable zone start PFN for each node
early_node_map[2] active PFN ranges
0: 0x00000001 -> 0x000000a0
0: 0x00000100 -> 0x00010000
SFI: Simple Firmware Interface v0.7 http://simplefirmware.org
SMP: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
No local APIC present
APIC: disable apic facility
PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000
Allocating PCI resources starting at 10000000 (gap: 10000000:f0000000)
Booting paravirtualized kernel on Xen
Xen version: 4.1.3 (preserve-AD)
NR_CPUS:4096 nr_cpumask_bits:1 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
PERCPU: Embedded 31 pages/cpu @ffff8800050e0000 s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976
pcpu-alloc: s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976 alloc=31*4096
pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
Xen: using vcpu_info placement
Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 64458
Policy zone: DMA32
Kernel command line: root=/dev/xvda ro selinux=0 3
PID hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Checking aperture...
No AGP bridge found
Memory: 191148k/262144k available (5336k kernel code, 388k absent, 70608k reserved, 7016k data, 1292k init)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:33024 nr_irqs:256
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
console [tty0] enabled
console [hvc0] enabled
allocated 1048576 bytes of page_cgroup
please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
installing Xen timer for CPU 0
Detected 2493.416 MHz processor.
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 4986.83 BogoMIPS (lpj=2493416)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Security Framework initialized
SELinux: Disabled at boot.
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
Initializing cgroup subsys ns
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Initializing cgroup subsys memory
Initializing cgroup subsys devices
Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
Initializing cgroup subsys net_cls
Initializing cgroup subsys blkio
Initializing cgroup subsys perf_event
Initializing cgroup subsys net_prio
Disabled fast string operations
alternatives: switching to unfair spinlock
SMP alternatives: switching to UP code
Freeing SMP alternatives: 36k freed
ftrace: converting mcount calls to 0f 1f 44 00 00
ftrace: allocating 21917 entries in 86 pages
Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 58 no PMU driver, software events only.
NMI watchdog disabled (cpu0): hardware events not enabled
Brought up 1 CPUs
devtmpfs: initialized
Grant table initialized
regulator: core version 0.5
NET: Registered protocol family 16
PCI: Fatal: No config space access function found
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
xen_balloon: Initialising balloon driver.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
Switching to clocksource xen
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
TCP reno registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
Freeing initrd memory: 48828k freed
platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found)
futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1469465249.640:1): initialized
HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.2
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
msgmni has been set to 468
alg: No test for stdrng (krng)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key FEBCF26ABFDA92DD
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
pciehp: PCI Express Hot Plug Controller Driver version: 0.4
acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
Non-volatile memory driver v1.3
Linux agpgart interface v0.103
crash memory driver: version 1.1
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
input: Macintosh mouse button emulation as /devices/virtual/input/input0
Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
rtc_cmos: probe of rtc_cmos failed with error -16
cpuidle: using governor ladder
cpuidle: using governor menu
EFI Variables Facility v0.08 2004-May-17
usbcore: registered new interface driver hiddev
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: v2.6:USB HID core driver
GRE over IPv4 demultiplexor driver
TCP cubic registered
Initializing XFRM netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 17
registered taskstats version 1
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vbd/51712
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/console/0
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1292k freed
Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 10240k
Freeing unused kernel memory: 788k freed
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1568k freed
dracut: dracut-004-356.el6
device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.27.0-ioctl (2013-10-30) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
udev: starting version 147
dracut: Starting plymouth daemon
xlblk_init: register_blkdev major: 202
blkfront: xvda: barriers disabled
xvda: unknown partition table
EXT4-fs (xvda): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts:
dracut: Mounted root filesystem /dev/xvda
dracut: Switching root（还是卡在切换根文件系统）
[root@node1 ~]# xm destroy test（终止test域）
[root@node1 ~]# cd /etc/xen/（切换到/etc/xen目录）
[root@node1 xen]# vim test（编辑test文件）
ramdisk="/boot/initramfs-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64.img"
kernel="/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64"
name="test"
vcpus=1
memory=256
disk=['file:/xen/vm1/test.img,xvda,w',]
root="/dev/xvda ro"
extra="selinux=0 init=/sbin/init"
[root@node1 xen]# xm create -c test（创建test域，-c连接控制台）
Using config file "./test".
Started domain test (id=82)
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
Linux version 2.6.32-504.el6.x86_64 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-11) (GCC) ) #1
SMP Wed Oct 15 04:27:16 UTC 2014
Command line: root=/dev/xvda ro selinux=0 init=/sbin/init
KERNEL supported cpus:
Intel GenuineIntel
AMD AuthenticAMD
Centaur CentaurHauls
Disabled fast string operations
ACPI in unprivileged domain disabled
released 0 pages of unused memory
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
Xen: 0000000000000000 - 00000000000a0000 (usable)
Xen: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
Xen: 0000000000100000 - 0000000010000000 (usable)
DMI not present or invalid.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
init_memory_mapping: 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
RAMDISK: 0204b000 - 04ffa000
No NUMA configuration found
Faking a node at 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
Bootmem setup node 0 0000000000000000-0000000010000000
NODE_DATA [000000000005a000 - 000000000008dfff]
bootmap [000000000008e000 - 000000000008ffff] pages 2
(7 early reservations) ==> bootmem [0000000000 - 0010000000]
#0 [0000000000 - 0000001000] BIOS data page ==> [0000000000 - 0000001000]
#1 [000507d000 - 00050aa000] XEN PAGETABLES ==> [000507d000 - 00050aa000]
#2 [0000006000 - 0000008000] TRAMPOLINE ==> [0000006000 - 0000008000]
#3 [0001000000 - 000202abe4] TEXT DATA BSS ==> [0001000000 - 000202abe4]
#4 [000204b000 - 0004ffa000] RAMDISK ==> [000204b000 - 0004ffa000]
#5 [0004ffa000 - 000507d000] XEN START INFO ==> [0004ffa000 - 000507d000]
#6 [0000008000 - 000005a000] PGTABLE ==> [0000008000 - 000005a000]
Zone PFN ranges:
DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00100000
Movable zone start PFN for each node
early_node_map[2] active PFN ranges
0: 0x00000001 -> 0x000000a0
0: 0x00000100 -> 0x00010000
SFI: Simple Firmware Interface v0.7 http://simplefirmware.org
SMP: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
No local APIC present
APIC: disable apic facility
PM: Registered nosave memory: 00000000000a0000 - 0000000000100000
Allocating PCI resources starting at 10000000 (gap: 10000000:f0000000)
Booting paravirtualized kernel on Xen
Xen version: 4.1.3 (preserve-AD)
NR_CPUS:4096 nr_cpumask_bits:1 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1
PERCPU: Embedded 31 pages/cpu @ffff8800050e0000 s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976
pcpu-alloc: s95064 r8192 d23720 u126976 alloc=31*4096
pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
Xen: using vcpu_info placement
Built 1 zonelists in Node order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 64458
Policy zone: DMA32
Kernel command line: root=/dev/xvda ro selinux=0 init=/sbin/init
PID hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
Checking aperture...
No AGP bridge found
Memory: 191148k/262144k available (5336k kernel code, 388k absent, 70608k reserved, 7016k data, 1292k init)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:33024 nr_irqs:256
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
console [tty0] enabled
console [hvc0] enabled
allocated 1048576 bytes of page_cgroup
please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups
installing Xen timer for CPU 0
Detected 2493.416 MHz processor.
Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 4986.83 BogoMIPS (lpj=2493416)
pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
Security Framework initialized
SELinux: Disabled at boot.
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 256
Initializing cgroup subsys ns
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
Initializing cgroup subsys memory
Initializing cgroup subsys devices
Initializing cgroup subsys freezer
Initializing cgroup subsys net_cls
Initializing cgroup subsys blkio
Initializing cgroup subsys perf_event
Initializing cgroup subsys net_prio
Disabled fast string operations
alternatives: switching to unfair spinlock
SMP alternatives: switching to UP code
Freeing SMP alternatives: 36k freed
ftrace: converting mcount calls to 0f 1f 44 00 00
ftrace: allocating 21917 entries in 86 pages
Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 58 no PMU driver, software events only.
NMI watchdog disabled (cpu0): hardware events not enabled
Brought up 1 CPUs
devtmpfs: initialized
Grant table initialized
regulator: core version 0.5
NET: Registered protocol family 16
PCI: Fatal: No config space access function found
bio: create slab <bio-0> at 0
ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
xen_balloon: Initialising balloon driver.
last_pfn = 0x10000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
vgaarb: loaded
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
PCI: System does not support PCI
PCI: System does not support PCI
NetLabel: Initializing
NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
Switching to clocksource xen
pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 8192 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 8192 bind 8192)
TCP reno registered
NET: Registered protocol family 1
Trying to unpack rootfs image as initramfs...
Freeing initrd memory: 48828k freed
platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found)
futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
audit: initializing netlink socket (disabled)
type=2000 audit(1469465482.480:1): initialized
HugeTLB registered 2 MB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.2
Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
msgmni has been set to 468
alg: No test for stdrng (krng)
ksign: Installing public key data
Loading keyring
- Added public key FEBCF26ABFDA92DD
- User ID: CentOS (Kernel Module GPG key)
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 251)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler anticipatory registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
pci_hotplug: PCI Hot Plug PCI Core version: 0.5
pciehp: PCI Express Hot Plug Controller Driver version: 0.4
acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
Non-volatile memory driver v1.3
Linux agpgart interface v0.103
crash memory driver: version 1.1
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
brd: module loaded
loop: module loaded
input: Macintosh mouse button emulation as /devices/virtual/input/input0
Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
PNP: No PS/2 controller found. Probing ports directly.
mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
rtc_cmos: probe of rtc_cmos failed with error -16
cpuidle: using governor ladder
cpuidle: using governor menu
EFI Variables Facility v0.08 2004-May-17
usbcore: registered new interface driver hiddev
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
usbhid: v2.6:USB HID core driver
GRE over IPv4 demultiplexor driver
TCP cubic registered
Initializing XFRM netlink socket
NET: Registered protocol family 17
registered taskstats version 1
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/vbd/51712
XENBUS: Device with no driver: device/console/0
drivers/rtc/hctosys.c: unable to open rtc device (rtc0)
Initalizing network drop monitor service
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1292k freed
Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 10240k
Freeing unused kernel memory: 788k freed
Freeing unused kernel memory: 1568k freed
dracut: dracut-004-356.el6
device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
device-mapper: ioctl: 4.27.0-ioctl (2013-10-30) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
udev: starting version 147
dracut: Starting plymouth daemon
xlblk_init: register_blkdev major: 202
blkfront: xvda: barriers disabled
xvda: unknown partition table
EXT4-fs (xvda): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts:
dracut: Mounted root filesystem /dev/xvda
dracut: Switching root
Welcome to MiniLinux(www.magedu.com)
bash: cannot set terminal process group (-1): Inappropriate ioctl for device
bash: no job control in this shell
bash-4.1#
bash-4.1# ls（查看当前目录文件及子目录）
bin dev etc lib64 lost+found proc sbin sys tmp var
bash-4.1# [root@node1 xen]# （使用ctrl+]退出）
[root@node1 xen]# xm list（列出所有域）
Name ID Mem VCPUs State Time(s)
Domain-0 0 1024 2 r----- 585.1
test 82 256 1 -b---- 0.7
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