一、ArrayList构造函数

    /**
     * Shared empty array instance used for empty instances.
     */
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

     /**
     * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
     */
    public ArrayList() {
        super();
        this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

     /**
     * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
     *         is negative
     */
    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
    }

     /**
     * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
     * iterator.
     *
     * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        elementData = c.toArray();
        size = elementData.length;
        // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
        if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
    }
构造函数

ArrayList提供了三个构造函数,第一个是无参的,从其注释来看Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.从其实际方法来看,构造函数刚开始的时候,只是一个空的数组,其长度并不是为10,由此可以推测,它采用的是懒加载的形式对数组进行初始化,在代码的add方法扩容的时候得到验证;第二个是指定ArrayList初始容量大小的构造函数,当指定的容量小于10的时候,在懒加载使用到的时候,会将其扩展到最小的容量10然后再进行相应的添加元素操作。第三个是将一个集合作为参数的构造函数,从其代码实现来看,集合与集合之间的转换,是先转换成数组,再对数组进行相应的操作。

二、ArrayLst往集合添加元素

ArrayList提供了四个添加元素的方法,分别为在集合末尾添加元素add(E e),在指定的集合索引位置添加元素add(int index, E element),在集合末尾添加集合 addAll(Collection<? extends E> c),在集合指令的索引位置添加另一个集合addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)。

1、集合末尾添加元素add(E e)

  首先会确保集合中容量的大小,再往往集合末尾添加元素,如果容量不满足要求,则需要对集合进行扩容。

public boolean add(E e) {
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
}
add(E e)

 如果集合对应的容器数组elementData为空,则elementData应该具有的最小容量minCapacity为,默认容量10与集合元素个数size+1两者比较的最大值。

  private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
        if (elementData == EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
            minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
        }

        ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
    }
ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity)

如果容器数组elementData长度达不到其需要的最小长度minCapacity,则需要进行扩容。

 private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;

        // overflow-conscious code
        if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
            grow(minCapacity);
    }
ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity)

先将容量扩成原来容量的1.5倍,扩容后的容量newCapacity如果大于需要的最小容量minCapacity则直接使用,如果扩容后的容量还未达到最小容量minCapacity,则将数组的容量扩大为minCapacity,但是这个扩展后的容量,有一个最大值上限,超过这个最大值上限Integer.MAX_VALUE(也就是minCapacity < 0,因为大于这个以后Integer.MAX_VALUE的值为负数)会内存溢出错误OutOfMemoryError。容量确定后会重新将容器elementData中的元素复制到一个新的数组中,将elementData的引用地址进行更新。

  private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
            Integer.MAX_VALUE :
            MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }
grow(int minCapacity)

 2、集合指定位置添加元素 add(int index, E element)

这个比在末尾添加元素操作的步骤要多许多,首先进行范围检查,如果index大于size或者小于0,则抛出越界异常; 接下来再进行扩容,扩容之后,还要使用System.arraycopy进行复制,比起在集合末尾添加元素数组需要复制1次,在指定位置添加元素数组一般得复制3次,一次发生在扩容的时候,剩下两次发生在System.arraycopy,因为是使用同一个数组进行复制,内部会产生临时数组进行复制操作。

    /**
     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
     * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
     * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
     *
     * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
     * @param element element to be inserted
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                         size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }
void add(int index, E element)

3、集合末尾添加集合元素addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)

首先将要添加的元素转换成一个数组,然后进行扩容,扩容之后,使用System.arraycopy进行复制追加元素。

    /**
     * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
     * this list, in the order that they are returned by the
     * specified collection's Iterator.  The behavior of this operation is
     * undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
     * is in progress.  (This implies that the behavior of this call is
     * undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
     * list is nonempty.)
     *
     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }
addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)

4、集合指定位置添加集合元素addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)

首先对下标进行范围检查看是否越界,接下来将集合转换成要被复制的数组a,并对原集合的数组elementData进行扩容,再接下来就是复制元素。如果index<elementData.size,相当于是在数组elementData中间插入数组a,则需要将元数组elementData下标为index后的元素进行移位,腾出相应的空间System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,numMoved);然后再将新加入的元素复制到已移位元素的对应位置System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);如果index不小于size,则System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);直接进行复制。

    /**
     * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
     * list, starting at the specified position.  Shifts the element
     * currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
     * the right (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear
     * in the list in the order that they are returned by the
     * specified collection's iterator.
     *
     * @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
     *              specified collection
     * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
     */
    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);

        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount

        int numMoved = size - index;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                             numMoved);

        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }
addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c)

 三、ArrayList删除元素

ArrayList中删除元素,可分为按下标删除对象remove(int),按对象删除remove(object),删除某个子集removeAll(Collection<?>),保留某个子集retainAll(Collection<?>),清除所有元素clear()。

1、按下标删除元素remove(int)

首先检查数组下标是否越界,接下来根据数组下标获取要删除的元素,并计算出删除元素以后,需要移动的元素个数int numMoved = size - index - 1;接下来通过复制数组的形式,将要删除元素下标的位置往前挪一位System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,numMoved); 全部覆盖达到删除元素目的,元素删除后,将最后一个空出来的位置设置成null,更利于垃圾回收,最后返回被删除的元素。

    /**
     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
     * indices).
     *
     * @param index the index of the element to be removed
     * @return the element that was removed from the list
     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public E remove(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);

        modCount++;
        E oldValue = elementData(index);

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work

        return oldValue;
    } 
E remove(int index)

2、按对象删除元素remove(Object)

首先循环遍历数组,找到元素所在的下标,然后再按照remove(int)的方法删除元素,并返回成功与否,注意,如果ArrayList中有多个相同的值,该方法只能删除其找到的第一个值进行删除。

    /**
     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
     * if it is present.  If the list does not contain the element, it is
     * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
     * <tt>i</tt> such that
     * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
     * (if such an element exists).  Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
     * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
     * changed as a result of the call).
     *
     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
     */
    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (elementData[index] == null) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        } else {
            for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                    fastRemove(index);
                    return true;
                }
        }
        return false;
    }
boolean remove(Object o)

3、按集合删除元素removeAll(Collection<?>)

ArrayList中删除一个集合,相当于求两个集合的差集。如:a.removeAll(b),即为a-b。

4、求两个集合的交集retainAll(Collection<?>)

ArrayList中retainAll一个集合,相当于求两个集合的交集。a.retainAll(b),即a与b的交集。

求两个集合的差集和交集,都使用同一个方法,batchRmove(boolean),传入为false时,表示求差集,传入为true时表示求交集,使用ArrayList时,所求的差集和交集是不会去重的,可能存在重复元素的情况。源码如下,首先通过循环遍历集合A,判断在不在集合B中,求差集的时候,将不在B中的元素保留下来,求交集的时候,将在B中的元素保留在原数组中。最后将剩余的其他元素全部置为空,从而达到求差集或交集的目的。该方法对于不同类型的集合也适用。

    private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
        final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
        int r = 0, w = 0;
        boolean modified = false;
        try {
            for (; r < size; r++)
                if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
                    elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
        } finally {
            // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
            // even if c.contains() throws.
            if (r != size) {
                System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
                                 elementData, w,
                                 size - r);
                w += size - r;
            }
            if (w != size) {
                // clear to let GC do its work
                for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
                    elementData[i] = null;
                modCount += size - w;
                size = w;
                modified = true;
            }
        }
        return modified;
    }
boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement)

 三、ArrayList元素的获取和查询

ArrayList集合当中,要获取一个元素可以使用get(index),要循环遍历集合中的每一个元素,可以使用for循环进行遍历,也可以使用迭代器Iterator实现的foreach循环进行遍历,本小节主要讲一下ArrayList中是如何实现迭代器的。迭代器是一个单向的对集合进行遍历的工具,其提供了hasNext(),next(),remove()三个方法。由于ArrayList底层是通过数组实现的,当ArrayList在做增删的时候,实际上是改变了底层数组的结构的,迭代器不允许在迭代的过程中,底层数组的结构受到更改,它有用到一个变量modCount来标记,每当ArrayList对元素做1次增或者删的时候,modCount都会加1,当迭代器记录的modCount数量expectedModCount与新的modCount不相等的时候,则抛出并发操作异常。另外迭代器还用到一个变量游标cursor来表示,其迭代过程中的下标值,同时还提供一个变量lastRet来标记最后一次迭代到的元素的下标,为remove()方法提供删除的下标。在迭代的过程中,要删除元素,必须使用迭代器的remove()方法,如果使用ArrayList的remove()方法,则会破坏迭代的数据结构,出现异常。迭代的remove()方法还必须放在next()方法的后面,否则不能删除元素,还会抛出IllegalStateException异常。

  /**
     * Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
     *
     * <p>The returned iterator is <a href="#fail-fast"><i>fail-fast</i></a>.
     *
     * @return an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence
     */
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Itr();
    }

    /**
     * An optimized version of AbstractList.Itr
     */
    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        int cursor;       // index of next element to return
        int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
            int i = cursor;
            if (i >= size)
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
            if (i >= elementData.length)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            cursor = i + 1;
            return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
                cursor = lastRet;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }
Iterator iterator()

 

posted on 2016-11-17 21:30  天狼群星  阅读(143)  评论(0)    收藏  举报