C++ lambda和function

lambda表达式

lambda表达式又称为匿名表达式，是C11提出的新语法。[]存储lambda表达式要捕获的值，()内的参数为形参，可供外部调用传值。lambda表达式可以直接调用

 // 1  匿名调用
    [](string name)
    {
        cout << "this is anonymous" << endl;
        cout << "hello " << name << endl;
    }("zack");

上述代码定义了一个匿名函数后直接调用。我们可以通过auto初始化一个变量存储lambda表达式

 // 2 通过auto赋值
    auto fname = [](string name)
    {
        cout << "this is auto  " << endl;
        cout << "hello " << name << endl;
    };

    fname("Rolin");

通过auto定义fname，然后存储了lambda表达式，之后调用fname即可。也可以通过函数指针的方式接受lambda表达式

    typedef void (*P_NameFunc)(string name);
    // 3 函数指针
    P_NameFunc fname2 = [](string name)
    {
        cout << "this is P_NameFunc " << endl;
        cout << "hello " << name << endl;
    };

    fname2("Vivo");

P_NameFunc定义了fname2函数指针接受了lambda表达式。也可以通过function对象接受lambda表达式，function类是C11新增的语法。

// 4 function
    function<void(string)> funcName;
    funcName = [](string name)
    {
        cout << "this is function " << endl;
        cout << "hello " << name << endl;
    };

    funcName("Uncle Wang");

用一个function对象接受了lambda表达式，同样可以调用该function对象funcName达到调用lambda的效果。

谈谈lambda的捕获

1 值捕获

    int age = 33;
    string name = "zack";
    int score = 100;
    string job = "softengineer";
    //值捕获
    [age, name](string name_)
    {
        cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl;
    }("Novia");

上述lambda表达式捕获了age和name，是以值的方式来捕获的。所以无法在lambda表达式内部修改age和name的值，如果修改age和name，编译器会报错，提示无法修改const常量，因为age和name是以值的方式被捕获的。
2 引用捕获

    int age = 33;
    string name = "zack";
    int score = 100;
    string job = "softengineer";
    [&age, &name](string name_)
    {
        cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl;
        name = "Xiao Li";
        age = 18;
    }("Novia");

[]里age和name前边添加了&，此时age和name是以引用方式捕获的。所以可以在lambda表达式中修改age和name的值。
C++的lambda表达式虽然可以捕获局部变量的引用，达到类似闭包的效果，但不是真的闭包，golang和python等语言通过闭包捕获局部变量后可以增加局部变量的声明周期，C++无法做到这一点，所以下面的调用会出现崩溃。

vector<function<void(string)>> vec_Funcs;
void use_lambda2()
{
    int age = 33;
    string name = "zack";
    int score = 100;
    string job = "softengineer";

    vec_Funcs.push_back([age, name](string name_)
                        {   cout << "this is value catch " << endl;
                            cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl; });
    //危险，不要捕获局部变量的引用
    vec_Funcs.push_back([&age, &name](string name_)
                        {   cout << "this is referenc catch" << endl;
                            cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl; });
}

void use_lambda3()
{
    for (auto f : vec_Funcs)
    {
        f("zack");
    }
}

int main(){
    use_lambda2();
    use_lambda3();
}

use_lambda2中将lambda表达式存储在function类型的vector里，当use_lambda2结束后，里边的局部变量都被释放了，而vector中的lambda表达式还存储着局部变量的引用，在调用use_lambda3时调用lambda表达式，此时访问局部变量已经被释放了，所以导致程序崩溃。
3 全部用值捕获，name用引用捕获

    int age = 33;
    string name = "zack";
    int score = 100;
    string job = "softengineer";
    [=, &name]()
    {
        cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " score is " << score << " job is " << job << endl;
        name = "Cui Hua";
    }();

通过=表示所有变量都以值的方式捕获，如果希望某个变量以引用方式捕获则单独在这个变量前加&。
4 全部用引用捕获，只有name用值捕获

   int age = 33;
   string name = "zack";
   int score = 100;
   string job = "softengineer";
   [&, name]()
   {
        cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " score is " << score << " job is " << job << endl;
   }();

通过&方式表示所有变量都已引用方式捕获，如果希望某个变量以值方式捕获则单独在这个变量前加=。

万能的function

我们可以用function存储形参和返回值相同的一类函数指针，可调用对象，lambda表达式等。

void use_function()
{
    list<function<void(string)>> list_Funcs;
    //存储函数对象
    list_Funcs.push_back(FuncObj());
    //存储lambda表达式
    list_Funcs.push_back([](string str)
                         { cout << "this is lambda call " << str << endl; });
    //存储全局函数
    list_Funcs.push_back(globalFun);

    for (const auto &f : list_Funcs)
    {
        f("hello zack");
    }
}

bind操作

C11同样提供了bind操作，将原函数的几个参数通过bind绑定传值，返回一个新的可调用对象。

    //绑定全局函数
    auto newfun1 = bind(globalFun2, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2, 98, "worker");
    //相当于调用globalFun2("Lily",22, 98,"worker");
    newfun1("Lily", 22);
    //多传参数没有用，相当于调用globalFun2("Lucy",28, 98,"worker");
    newfun1("Lucy", 28, 100, "doctor");
    auto newfun2 = bind(globalFun2, "zack", placeholders::_1, 100, placeholders::_2);
    //相当于调用globalFun2("zack",33,100,"engineer");
    newfun2(33, "engineer");
    auto newfun3 = bind(globalFun2, "zack", placeholders::_2, 100, placeholders::_1);
    newfun3("coder", 33);

placeholders表示占位符，_1表示新生成函数的第一个参数, _2表示新生成函数的第二个参数，将这些参数传递给原函数达到占位的效果，原函数的其余参数通过bind绑定固定值。
接下来定义类

class BindTestClass
{
public:
    BindTestClass(int num_, string name_) : num(num_), name(name_) {}
    static void StaticFun(const string &str, int age);
    void MemberFun(const string &job, int score);

public:
    int num;
    string name;
};

实现静态函数和成员函数

void BindTestClass::StaticFun(const string &str, int age)
{
    cout << "this is static function" << endl;
    cout << "name is " << str << endl;
    cout << "age is " << age << endl;
}
void BindTestClass::MemberFun(const string &job, int score)
{
    cout << "this is member function" << endl;
    cout << "name is " << name << endl;
    cout << "age is " << num << endl;
    cout << "job is " << job << endl;
    cout << "score is " << score << endl;
}

我们通过bind绑定静态成员函数

    //绑定类的静态成员函数,加不加&都可以
    // auto staticbind = bind(BindTestClass::StaticFun, placeholders::_1, 33);
    auto staticbind = bind(&BindTestClass::StaticFun, placeholders::_1, 33);
    staticbind("zack");

新生成的staticbind函数可以直接传递一个参数zack就完成了调用。接下来用bind绑定成员函数

    BindTestClass bindTestClass(33, "zack");
    // 绑定类的成员函数,一定要传递对象给bind的第二个参数，可以是类对象，也可以是类对象的指针
    // 如果要修改类成员，必须传递类对象的指针
    auto memberbind = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, &bindTestClass, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2);
    memberbind("coder", 100);

    auto memberbind2 = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, placeholders::_3, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2);
    memberbind2("coder", 100, &bindTestClass);
    //绑定类成员时，对象必须取地址
    auto numbind = bind(&BindTestClass::num, placeholders::_1);
    std::cout << numbind(bindTestClass) << endl;

当然也可以直接用function对象接受bind返回的结果

    // function接受bind返回的函数
    function<void(int, string)> funcbind = bind(globalFun2, "zack", placeholders::_1, 100, placeholders::_2);
    funcbind(33, "engineer");

    // function接受bind 成员函数
    function<void(string, int)> funcbind2 = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, &bindTestClass, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2);
    funcbind2("docker", 100);

    function<void(string, int, BindTestClass *)> funcbind3 = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, placeholders::_3, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2);
    funcbind3("driver", 100, &bindTestClass);

    // function 直接接受成员函数,function的模板列表里第一个参数是类对象引用
    function<void(BindTestClass &, const string &, int)> functomem = BindTestClass::MemberFun;
    functomem(bindTestClass, "functomem", 88);

    // function 绑定类的静态成员函数
    function<void(const string &)> funbindstatic = bind(&BindTestClass::StaticFun, placeholders::_1, 33);
    funbindstatic("Rolis");

lambda和bind的使用就介绍到这里
源码链接：https://gitee.com/secondtonone1/cpplearn
视频链接: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV15S4y1Y7no