Hadoop学习笔记01

 

写写读书笔记，以备不时之需，顺便督促自己好好学习，天天向上！

先去hadoop官网看看：http://hadoop.apache.org/

What Is Apache Hadoop?

The Apache™ Hadoop® project develops open-source software for reliable, scalable, distributed computing.

The Apache Hadoop software library is a framework that allows for the distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of computers using simple programming models. It is designed to scale up from single servers to thousands of machines, each offering local computation and storage. Rather than rely on hardware to deliver high-availability, the library itself is designed to detect and handle failures at the application layer, so delivering a highly-available service on top of a cluster of computers, each of which may be prone to failures.

The project includes these modules:

• Hadoop Common: The common utilities that support the other Hadoop modules.
• Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS™): A distributed file system that provides high-throughput access to application data.
• Hadoop YARN: A framework for job scheduling and cluster resource management.
• Hadoop MapReduce: A YARN-based system for parallel processing of large data sets.

Other Hadoop-related projects at Apache include:

• Ambari™: A web-based tool for provisioning, managing, and monitoring Apache Hadoop clusters which includes support for Hadoop HDFS, Hadoop MapReduce, Hive, HCatalog, HBase, ZooKeeper, Oozie, Pig and Sqoop. Ambari also provides a dashboard for viewing cluster health such as heatmaps and ability to view MapReduce, Pig and Hive applications visually alongwith features to diagnose their performance characteristics in a user-friendly manner.
• Avro™: A data serialization system.
• Cassandra™: A scalable multi-master database with no single points of failure.
• Chukwa™: A data collection system for managing large distributed systems.
• HBase™: A scalable, distributed database that supports structured data storage for large tables.
• Hive™: A data warehouse infrastructure that provides data summarization and ad hoc querying.
• Mahout™: A Scalable machine learning and data mining library.
• Pig™: A high-level data-flow language and execution framework for parallel computation.
• Spark™: A fast and general compute engine for Hadoop data. Spark provides a simple and expressive programming model that supports a wide range of applications, including ETL, machine learning, stream processing, and graph computation.
• Tez™: A generalized data-flow programming framework, built on Hadoop YARN, which provides a powerful and flexible engine to execute an arbitrary DAG of tasks to process data for both batch and interactive use-cases. Tez is being adopted by Hive™, Pig™ and other frameworks in the Hadoop ecosystem, and also by other commercial software (e.g. ETL tools), to replace Hadoop™ MapReduce as the underlying execution engine.
• ZooKeeper™: A high-performance coordination service for distributed applications.

Hadoop特点

扩容能力（Scalable）：能可靠地（reliably）存储和处理千兆字节（PB）数据。
成本低（Economical）：可以通过普通机器组成的服务器群来分发以及处理数据。这些服务器群总计可达数千个节点。
高效率（Efficient）：通过分发数据，hadoop可以在数据所在的节点上并行地（parallel）处理它们，这使得处理非常的快速。
可靠性（Reliable）：hadoop能自动地维护数据的多份副本，并且在任务失败后能自动地重新部署（redeploy）计算任务。

hadoop是受Google的三篇论文论文启发（GFS、MapReduce、BigTable），hadoop之父是Doug Cutting。

 

Hadoop的生态圈

• Ambari™: A web-based tool for provisioning, managing, and monitoring Apache Hadoop clusters which includes support for Hadoop HDFS, Hadoop MapReduce, Hive, HCatalog, HBase, ZooKeeper, Oozie, Pig and Sqoop. Ambari also provides a dashboard for viewing cluster health such as heatmaps and ability to view MapReduce, Pig and Hive applications visually alongwith features to diagnose their performance characteristics in a user-friendly manner.
• Avro™: A data serialization system.
• Cassandra™: A scalable multi-master database with no single points of failure.
• Chukwa™: A data collection system for managing large distributed systems.
• HBase™: A scalable, distributed database that supports structured data storage for large tables.
• Hive™: A data warehouse infrastructure that provides data summarization and ad hoc querying.
• Mahout™: A Scalable machine learning and data mining library.
• Pig™: A high-level data-flow language and execution framework for parallel computation.
• Spark™: A fast and general compute engine for Hadoop data. Spark provides a simple and expressive programming model that supports a wide range of applications, including ETL, machine learning, stream processing, and graph computation.
• Tez™: A generalized data-flow programming framework, built on Hadoop YARN, which provides a powerful and flexible engine to execute an arbitrary DAG of tasks to process data for both batch and interactive use-cases. Tez is being adopted by Hive™, Pig™ and other frameworks in the Hadoop ecosystem, and also by other commercial software (e.g. ETL tools), to replace Hadoop™ MapReduce as the underlying execution engine.
• ZooKeeper™: A high-performance coordination service for distributed applications.

重点组件：

HDFS：分布式文件系统

MAPREDUCE：分布式运算程序开发框架

HIVE：基于大数据技术（文件系统+运算框架）的SQL数据仓库工具

HBASE：基于HADOOP的分布式海量数据库

ZOOKEEPER：分布式协调服务基础组件

Mahout：基于mapreduce/spark/flink等分布式运算框架的机器学习算法库

Oozie：工作流调度框架

Sqoop：数据导入导出工具

Flume：日志数据采集框架

Hadoop核心

HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System 分布式文件系统 

YARN: Yet Another Resource Negotiator 资源管理调度系统

Mapreduce：分布式运算框架

HDFS的架构

主从结构

• 主节点， namenode
• 从节点，有很多个: datanode

namenode负责：

• 接收用户操作请求
• 维护文件系统的目录结构
• 管理文件与block之间关系，block与datanode之间关系

datanode负责：

• 存储文件
• 文件被分成block存储在磁盘上
• 为保证数据安全，文件会有多个副本

 

Namenode：用于保管元数据（metadata），并响应client发来的读写请求，将相应的元数据信息返回给客户端
DataNode：实际保存数据，一个datanode包括数个block，每个block保存一份数据，在Hadoop1.0版本中每个block默认64M，2.0中修改为128M
Rack：每个机架上包含数个datanode，每一份数据都要在datanode中保存多次，在选择冗余存储的datanode结点时，尽量选择不在一个机架上的不同datanode
Replication：HDFS默认将每份数据切分成3个block，并将每个block在不同的datanode上
Client：客户端向namenode发起读写请求，和datanode交互实际读写数据

 

 

 

感谢传智播客的段海涛老师，老师讲的hadoop真的很好，我使用下您ppt的几张图，总结，十分感谢。