非归档模式下使用RMAN进行全库备份
1.前提：查看数据库归档状态
archive log list;
1 切换到root用户在“/”根目录下建立full目录。
mkdir /full
2 把/full目录所属权赋予给oracle用户和oinstall组
chown -R oracle:oinstall /full
3 切换回oracle用户 并在/full目录下建立arch目录（注 arch目录留着备用）
su - oracle
mkdir -p /full/arch
RMAN备份正式开始
使用rman target / 进入到rman中。
1 查看当前数据库状态
RMAN> select status from v$instance;
非归档模式下，不能在数据库open的状态下进行全库备份！
2 关闭数据库
RMAN> shutdown immediate
database closed
database dismounted
Oracle instance shut down
4 将数据库启动到mount状态
RMAN> startup mount
connected to target database (not started)
Oracle instance started
database mounted
Total System Global Area 838860800 bytes
Fixed Size 8626240 bytes
Variable Size 322965440 bytes
Database Buffers 503316480 bytes
Redo Buffers 3952640 bytes
5 执行backup database; 全库备份
RMAN> backup database;
Starting backup at 2020-11-06 04:07:44
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=35 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00007 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2020-11-06 04:07:44
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2020-11-06 04:07:59
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/03veqgkg_1_1 tag=TAG20201106T040744 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
Finished backup at 2020-11-06 04:07:59
Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2020-11-06 04:07:59
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1577685671-20201106-01 comment=NONE
Finished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 2020-11-06 04:08:00
全库备份完成，而且我们能从最后一段提示可以看出控制文件与SPFILE文件（Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at）也进行了自动备份，并成功完成了这两个文件的备份。存储到了“/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1577685671-20201106-01”这个文件中。
也可指定备份路径：
backup format '/full/full_%d_%s_%T_%p.bak database;
7 使用list backup;命令查看一下该备份结果
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
3 Full 1.07G DISK 00:00:07 2020-11-06 04:07:51
BP Key: 3 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20201106T040744
Piece Name: /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/03veqgkg_1_1
List of Datafiles in backup set 3
File LV Type Ckp SCN Ckp Time Abs Fuz SCN Sparse Name
---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----------- ------ ----
1 Full 2236179 2020-11-06 04:04:45 NO /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
3 Full 2236179 2020-11-06 04:04:45 NO /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
4 Full 2236179 2020-11-06 04:04:45 NO /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
7 Full 2236179 2020-11-06 04:04:45 NO /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
BS Key Type LV Size Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
4 Full 10.19M DISK 00:00:00 2020-11-06 04:07:59
BP Key: 4 Status: AVAILABLE Compressed: NO Tag: TAG20201106T040759
Piece Name: /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/c-1577685671-20201106-01
SPFILE Included: Modification time: 2020-11-06 04:06:02
SPFILE db_unique_name: ORCL
Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 2236179 Ckp time: 2020-11-06 04:04:45
备份成功！我这里是经过两次备份，所以，编号时3，4，最后 使用alter database open;打开数据库!
使用备份恢复数据库！
1 找到数据文件的位置！
SELECT NAME FROM V$DATAFILE;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
2 关闭数据库并删除所有的数据文件
RMAN> shutdown immediate
database closed
database dismounted
Oracle instance shut down
RMAN> exit
Recovery Manager complete.
[oracle@oracle ~]$ rm -rf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
[oracle@oracle ~]$ rm -rf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
[oracle@oracle ~]$ rm -rf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
[oracle@oracle ~]$ rm -rf /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
3 使用RMAN启动数据库，这里也可以使用sqlplus / as sysdba启动数据库，我主要是为了方便所以用了RMAN.
[oracle@oracle ~]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Nov 6 04:18:27 2020
Copyright (c) 1982, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database (not started)
RMAN> startup
Oracle instance started
database mounted
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of startup command at 11/06/2020 04:18:39
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf'
可以看到数据库无法启动，主要是因为我们刚才输出了所有的数据文件造成的。
4 使用备份恢复所有的数据文件，但是要先确定你的操作系统现在是mount状态。
RMAN> restore database;(还原数据文件)
Starting restore at 2020-11-06 04:19:26
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=35 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile backup set restore
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) to restore from backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00001 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00003 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00004 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring datafile 00007 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: reading from backup piece /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/03veqgkg_1_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/db_1/dbs/03veqgkg_1_1 tag=TAG20201106T040744
channel ORA_DISK_1: restored backup piece 1
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07
Finished restore at 2020-11-06 04:19:3
5 对数据库进行介质恢复
RMAN> recover database;
Starting recover at 2020-11-06 04:20:40
using channel ORA_DISK_1
starting media recovery
archived log for thread 1 with sequence 1 is already on disk as file /u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
archived log file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log thread=1 sequence=1
media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:00
Finished recover at 2020-11-06 04:20:40
6 恢复完成以resetlogs;打开数据库
alter database open resetlogs;
查看状态
RMAN> SELECT STATUS FROM V$INSTANCE;
STATUS
------------
OPEN
启动成功，恢复完成
也可尝试在数据库打开的时候去试试删除数据文件！
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