Python接口自动化

requests库

requests库介绍：

Requests是一个优雅而简单的Python HTTP库，专为人类而构建。（来自官方的介绍）

requests是一个很实用的Python HTTP客户端库，编写爬虫和测试服务器响应数据时经常会用到，对测试来说做接口测试会很方便。

request库使用

requests库安装：

requests是第三方的库，需要先安装 ：pip3 install requests(python3版本)

requests源码

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
            to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
    with sessions.Session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

 其中，month主要是用get和post

requests模块发送请求有data、json、params三种携带参数的方法。

params在get请求中使用，data、json在post请求中使用。

'''
requests--get方法
r=requests.get('https://movie.douban.com/')
print(r.status_code)    #查看状态码
print(r.text)   #查看响应内容
print(r.content.decode('utf-8'))    #查看字节流(二进制)
print(r.url)    #查看请求地址
print(r.encoding)   #查看字符编码
print(r.cookies)    #查看cookie
print(r.headers)    #查看请求头信息
# 当返回的响应格式是json时，可以用r.json())

# 这里有两种方式，一种是直接用请求地址，另一种是用参数的方式传递parames
url='https://movie.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=%E5%93%AA%E5%90%92&cat=1002'
url1='https://movie.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=哪吒&cat=1002'
paydata={'search_text':'哪吒','cat':1002}
r=requests.get(url1,params=paydata)
'''

 

post方法：

def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
    r"""Sends a POST request.

    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response
    """

    return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

url='https://testyyfax8511.yylending.com/'
login_heades={
    'Referer': 'https://testyyfax8511.yylending.com/web/login.html?_z=/web/user/index.html',
    'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36'}
login_data={
    'account':'18885110001',
    'password':'204Ofz2Lrfyng'}
test_login=requests.post(url+'node_api/user.do?fn=login',headers=login_heades,data=login_data)
print(test_login.text)
print(json.dumps(test_login.json(),indent=True,ensure_ascii=False))

当请求参数为form表单是，用data；当请求参数为josn格式时，用json；

当响应格式是json时，用json查看会更合适（查看响应字段的时候，用json取值更方便）

 

request中超时情况的处理

#客户端发送到服务端的请求，当服务端响应的时间比较长是，可以加上等待时间
r=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',timeout=6)

requests中安全证书的处理思路

当请求需要安全证书的时候，可以通过忽略安全证书的方式处理或者带上安全证书的路径，推荐用忽略的方式。

r=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',verify=False)

requests中cookie的处理

第一种方法是直接在请求中带上具体的cookie的值；

第二种方法，可以写一个方法，返回登录后的cookie，然后在需要cookies的接口中带上

requests中对token的处理

处理方法同cookie是一样的思路

requests对session会话对象的处理？？

session，保存了客户端与服务器之间的通信信息。能够跨请求保持某些参数，比如它会在同一个session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookie

 

requests对文件上传的处理

requests对文件下载的处理