3-环烷烃

环烷烃::物理性质

  • 熔点、沸点、密度:比同碳数的烷烃高

环烷烃::张力

\(n\) 环烷烃 张力
\(\in[3,4]\) 小环 大(角张力 \(E_\theta\)、扭转张力 \(E_\phi\)
\(\in[5,7]\) 正常环 很小
\(\in[8,11]\) 中环 较正常环大(非键作用)
\(\geq 12\) 大环 几乎没有张力
\(E\) 成因
\(E_{nb}\) 非键作用,非键合距离过小(小于范氏半径和)
\(E_1\) 键长变化,成键距离偏离(偏离正常键长)
\(E_\theta\) 角张力,键角偏离(偏离109°28'引起张力,张力随键角偏离而增大)
\(E_\phi\) 扭转张力,扭转角变化(重叠式构象引起张力)
  • 张力能:\(E_{nb}>E_1>E_\theta>E_\phi\)
  • 五元和五元以上的环烷经都是稳定的

环烷烃::取代

自由基取代制卤代环烷烃

\(\ce{△ ->[Cl2][光照] △-Cl}\)

\(\ce{⬠ ->[Br2][光照] ⬠-Br}\)

\(\ce{⎔ ->[Br2][光照] ⎔-Br}\)

\(\ce{⎔-CH3 ->[Br2][光照] ⎔}\substack{\ce{_\diagup CH3}\\\ce{^\diagdown Br\ \ \ }}\)

环烷烃::开环

催化加氢制烷

\(\ce{△ ->[Ni,\ H2][40\degree C,\ 常压] CH3CH2CH3}\)

\(\ce{□ ->[Ni,\ H2][110\degree C,\ 常压] CH3CH2CH2CH3}\)

\(\ce{⬠ ->[Pt,\ H2][330\degree C,\ 常压] CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3}\)

\(\ce{△-CH2CH3 ->[Ni,\ H2][80\degree C] CH3CH2\overset{\underset{|}{\!\!\!\!\!\!\phantom{H3}CH3\!\!\!\!\!\!}}{C}HCH3}\)(支链化合物较稳定)

  • 小环环烷烃:环较小的易开环,环丙烷活性最大

加溴制二溴代烷

\(\ce{△ ->[Br2][室温] \underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}H2-CH2-\underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}H2}\)

\(\ce{□ ->[Br2][加热] \underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}H2-CH2-CH2-CH2-\underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}H2}\)

\(\substack{\ce{CH2-CH2-CH2}\\\ce{\diagup\phantom{H-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-}\diagdown\phantom{H}}\\\ce{CH-\!-\!-\!-CH2-\!-\!-\!-CH}\\\ce{\diagdown\phantom{H-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-}\diagup\phantom{H}}\\\ce{CH2-\!-\!-\!-CH2}}\ce{->[Br2]}\substack{\ce{CH2-CH2-CH2}\\\ce{\diagup\phantom{H-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-}\diagdown\phantom{H}}\\\ce{Br-C-\!-\!-\!-CH2-\!-\!-\!-C-Br}\\\ce{\diagdown\phantom{H-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-\!-}\diagup\phantom{H}}\\\ce{CH2-\!-\!-\!-CH2}}\)

加溴化氢制溴代烷

\(\ce{△ ->[HBr][室温] CH3-CH2-\underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}H2}\)

\(\ce{△-CH3 ->[HBr] CH3CH2\underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}HCH3}\)

\(\ce{\begin{array}{r}\phantom{}_\diagdown\\\phantom{}^\phantom{\diagup}\end{array}_\overline{\diagdown\diagup}\begin{array}{l}_\diagup\\^\diagdown\end{array} ->[HBr] \overset{|}{\underset{\overset{|}{\!\!\!\!\phantom{H3}CH3\!\!\!\!}}{C}}H-\overset{|}{\underset{\overset{|}{Br}}{C}}-}\)

  • 断裂规则:含氢最多、最少的碳之间断裂
  • 加成规则:氢上加氢(类似于马氏规则)

环烷烃::氧化反应

  • 环丙垸不能使高锰酸钾溶液褪色
  • 三元环对氧化剂相当稳定,含三元环的多环化合物氧化时,三元环可以保持不变

\(\ce{->[O2]}\) 氧化为羟基、羰基

\(\substack{△\\\phantom{:}\\▽}\!⬡\!\substack{△\\\phantom{:}\\▽}\ce{->[O2]}\substack{△\\\phantom{:}\\▽}\!\overset{\underset{||}{\ce{O}}}{\underset{\overset{||}{\ce{O}}}{⬡}}\!\substack{△\\\phantom{:}\\▽}\)

\(\ce{⬡ ->[O2] \overset{\underset{|}{\!\!\!\!\phantom{H}OH\!\!\!\!}}{⬡} + \overset{\underset{||}{O}}{⬡}}\)

\(\ce{->[HNO3][\Delta]}\) 开环氧化为羧基

\(\ce{⬡->[HNO3][\Delta]}\left.\tiny^|\!\right.\ce{\begin{array}{l}_\diagup\phantom{}-COOH\\^\diagdown\phantom{}-COOH\end{array}}\)

posted @ 2024-11-14 00:03  湘秋  阅读(99)  评论(0)    收藏  举报