【2022.02.08】记录1
(1)评价函数内容
① 与目标点的距离A:动态窗口法前向模拟轨迹时,一般情况下同样的角速度 w 情况下,线速度 v 越大,轨迹末端离目标点的距离越近。但是当机器人离目标点很近时,较大线速度 v 代表的轨迹末 端超越了目标点,反而离目标点较远,不如线速度 v 较小的轨迹与目标点的距离近,这时评价函数会选出较小的线速度 v,导致线速度 v 逐渐降低。
② 与障碍物的距离B:选择安全路径。
③ 预测艏向与目标艏向的偏差C:与靠泊的姿态任务有关,距离终点越近,其权重应越大。
(2)评价函数系数
Adapt_Param = [5, 1.5*norm( State(4:5) ), 1 ]
式中,A的系数最大,整个过程目标导向性强,避免偏离全局路径。B的系数与速度有关,当航速较大时,表明船舶正向目标点靠近,此时应增加避障的比重;当航速较小时,
(3)设置引航点的原因
使船舶尽可能避免从边角处进入停泊区,增加视野。
传统DWA算法容易陷入局部点从而无法到达指定目标点,将DWA与全局路径算法结合,获取局部目标点从而指引船舶到达最终目标点。
与传统DWA离散速度空间不同,本文对欠驱动船舶离散可行的推力与力矩空间,结合船舶运动模型计算出船舶运动状态量。
欠驱动船舶不能跟踪任意轨迹、自动靠泊对位置和艏向都有要求,且离散空间不能改变,故DWA预测分为恒力阶段与减速阶段,保证船舶能正好停于规划的路径上。恒力阶段不考虑艏向问题,直接对离散空间推力与力矩进行计算;减速阶段采用PID算法控制艏向,并减速至0。
船舶在引航阶段,选择恒力阶段轨迹;如果船舶以最终点为目标,且减速阶段预测轨迹末端接近最终点,停止规划。
As ships have become larger, with deeper draughts, it has become more imperative that they stay in the appropriate channels. Sydney Harbour has two separate channels: the Western Channel, 210 metres wide with a minimum depth of 13.7 metres, and the Eastern Channel, 180 metres wide with a minimum depth of 10.5 metres. An under-keel clearance of 10 per cent of draught is required.
Pilotage is compulsory in the ports of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay for all commercial shipping without special exemptions. Legally, the master remains in command of the ship, while the pilot acts as a 'senior adviser' only. Not part of the ship's crew, pilots are employed locally and therefore act on behalf of the public rather than of the ship-owners. The pilot brings to the ship expertise in handling large vessels in confined waterways and expert local knowledge of the port.
Over the years since 1860, pilotage services have come from both the public and private sectors. The 'new' pilot station opened at Watsons Bay in 1959 was moved to Millers Point some time in 2008, and with the shift of container shipping and car carriers to Botany Bay and Port Kembla, it will largely be cruise ships that require Sydney Harbour's pilotage in the future.
随着船舶越来越大,吃水越来越深,保持在合适的航道内航行变得越来越重要。悉尼港有两个独立的水道:西水道210米宽,最低深度13.7米,东水道180米宽,最低深度10.5米。需要有10%吃水的龙骨下净空。
在悉尼港和植物湾的所有商业航运,引航是强制性的,没有特殊的豁免。从法律上讲,船长仍是船舶的指挥者,而引航员只是“高级顾问”。引航员不是船员的一部分,在当地受雇,因此代表公众而不是船东行事。领航员为船舶带来在封闭水道中操作大型船舶的专业知识和对港口的专业知识。
自1860年以来,领港服务由公营及私营机构提供。1959年在屈沃森湾启用的“新”引航站于2008年移至米勒角,而随着货柜船和汽车运输船迁往植物湾和肯布拉港,未来主要需要悉尼港引航的将是邮轮。
pilots were required for safe harbour entry and exit on all ships.
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