(原創) 我的Design Pattern之旅[1]:Strategy Pattern (OO) (Design Pattern) (C/C++) (template) (.NET) (C#)
Abstract
Head First Design Patterns是用strategy pattern當作第一個範例,而陳俊杉教授也是用strategy當作授課的第一個pattern,可見strategy的確適合初學者學第一個學習的pattern。
Intent
定義一整族演算法,將每一個演算法封裝起來,可互換使用,更可以在不影響外界的情況下各別抽換所引用的演算法。
其UML表示法
GoF說strategy也稱為policy,我個人喜歡稱它為plugin,因為可以動態的換演算法,如同在eclipse上可以動態的換plugin一樣。
原本在單一class中有一個單一method很單純,如圖Grapher class只有drawShape()這個method,只能畫方形。
但後來『需求改變』,希望Grapher也能畫三角形和圓形,而且日後還可能增加功能,如畫橢圓形,菱形...,當然可以在Grapher陸續加上drawTriangle(),drawCircle(),drawEllipse(),但如此就違反OCP,Grapher須不斷的修改,根據DP第三守則"Identify the aspects of your application that vary and separate them from what you stays the same",將『會變』的部份另外包成class,但這些class必須要和原來的class溝通,所以必須訂出『標準』彼此才能溝通,IShape就是彼此溝通的標準,Triangle,Circle,Square則必須實做IShape這個interface,這就是strategy pattern。
我們看看這個架構,若日後還有新的shape加入,Grapher,IShape,Triangle,Circle,Square皆不用修改,符合OCP的closed for modification原則,若要加入新的class,只需實做IShape即可,符合OCP的open for extension原則,所以是非常好維護的架構,事實上,.NET Framework和STL都用了很多strategy pattern。
簡言之,strategy pattern就是將會變動的member function用class包起來,變成object『掛』在原本的class上。
ISO C++ by Interface
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : DP_StrategyPattern_Classic.cpp5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++6
Description : Demo how to use Strategy Pattern7
Release : 03/26/2007 1.08
07/10/2007 2.09
*/10
#include <iostream>11
using namespace std;12

13
class IDrawStrategy {14
public:15
virtual void draw() const = 0;16
};17

18
class Grapher {19
public:20
Grapher(IDrawStrategy* drawStrategy = 0) : _drawStrategy(drawStrategy) {}21
22
public:23
void drawShape() const;24
void setShape(IDrawStrategy* drawStrategy);25
26
protected:27
IDrawStrategy* _drawStrategy;28
};29

30
void Grapher::drawShape() const {31
if (_drawStrategy)32
_drawStrategy->draw();33
}34

35
void Grapher::setShape(IDrawStrategy* drawStrategy) {36
_drawStrategy = drawStrategy;37
}38

39
class Triangle : public IDrawStrategy {40
public:41
void draw() const;42
};43

44
void Triangle::draw() const {45
cout << "Draw Triangle" << endl;46
}47

48
class Circle : public IDrawStrategy {49
public:50
void draw() const;51
};52

53
void Circle::draw() const {54
cout << "Draw Circle" << endl;55
}56

57
class Square : public IDrawStrategy {58
public:59
void draw() const;60
};61

62
void Square::draw() const {63
cout << "Draw Square" << endl;64
}65

66
int main() {67
Grapher grapher(&Square());68
grapher.drawShape();69
70
grapher.setShape(&Circle());71
grapher.drawShape();72
}
執行結果
Draw Square
Draw Circle
67行和70行可以看到strategy pattern的美,可以動態的換演算法,如同plugin一樣,且若將來擴充其他shape,只需加上新的class實做IDrawStrategy,其他程式都不用再改,符合OCP原則。
C# by Interface
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : DP_StrategyPattern_Classic.cs5
Compiler : Visual Studio 2005 / C# 2.06
Description : Demo how to implement Strategy Pattern by C#7
Release : 07/08/2007 1.08
*/9
using System;10

11
interface IDrawStrategy {12
void draw();13
}14

15
class Grapher {16
private IDrawStrategy _drawStrategy = null;17

18
public Grapher() {}19
public Grapher(IDrawStrategy drawStrategy) {20
_drawStrategy = drawStrategy;21
}22

23
public void drawShape() {24
if (_drawStrategy != null)25
_drawStrategy.draw();26
}27

28
public void setShape(IDrawStrategy drawStrategy) {29
_drawStrategy = drawStrategy;30
}31
}32

33
class Triangle : IDrawStrategy {34
public void draw() {35
Console.WriteLine("Draw Triangle");36
}37
}38

39
class Circle : IDrawStrategy {40
public void draw() {41
Console.WriteLine("Draw Circle");42
}43
}44

45
class Square : IDrawStrategy {46
public void draw() {47
Console.WriteLine("Draw Square");48
}49
}50

51
class Program {52
public static void Main() {53
Grapher grapher = new Grapher(new Square());54
grapher.drawShape();55

56
grapher.setShape(new Circle());57
grapher.drawShape();58
}59
}
執行結果
Draw Square
Draw Circle
使用interface是最正規的OOP寫法,另外Effective C++的item 35也使用了function pointer來實做strategy pattern,function pointer是C/C++的獨門寫法。
ISO C++ by Function Pointer
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : DP_StrategyPattern_FunctionPointer.cpp5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++6
Description : Demo how to use Strategy Pattern by function pointer7
Release : 03/31/2007 1.08
: 07/08/2007 2.09
: 07/10/2007 3.010
*/11
#include <iostream>12

13
using namespace std;14

15
class Grapher {16
public:17
typedef void (*pfDraw)();18
Grapher(pfDraw draw = 0) : _draw(draw) {}19
20
public:21
void drawShape() const;22
void setShape(pfDraw draw);23
24
protected:25
pfDraw _draw;26
};27

28
void Grapher::drawShape() const {29
if (_draw)30
_draw();31
}32

33
void Grapher::setShape(pfDraw draw) {34
_draw = draw;35
}36

37
class Triangle {38
public:39
static void draw();40
};41

42
void Triangle::draw() {43
cout << "Draw Triangle" << endl;44
}45

46
class Circle {47
public:48
static void draw();49
};50

51
void Circle::draw() {52
cout << "Draw Circle" << endl;53
}54

55
class Square {56
public:57
static void draw();58
};59

60
void Square::draw() {61
cout << "Draw Square" << endl;62
}63

64
int main() {65
Grapher grapher(Square::draw);66
grapher.drawShape();67
68
grapher.setShape(Circle::draw);69
grapher.drawShape();70
}
執行結果
Draw Square
Draw Circle
說穿了,本來只是本來由interface定義function的signature,現在改由16行的
typedef void (*pfDraw)();
定義pfDraw這個function pointer型別,所有要傳進的的function必須符合這個function pointer型別才可。
既然ISO C++可以用function pointer實現strategy pattern,就讓我想到C#的delegate了。delegate是C#對function pointer和observer pattern的實現,理應可用delegate來實現strategy pattern。
C# by Delegate
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : DP_StrategyPattern_Delegate.cs5
Compiler : Visual Studio 2005 / C# 2.06
Description : Demo how to implement Strategy Pattern by C# delegate7
Release : 07/08/2007 1.08
*/9
using System;10

11
class Grapher {12
private DrawDelegate _drawDelegate = null;13
14
public delegate void DrawDelegate();15
16
public Grapher() {}17
public Grapher(DrawDelegate drawDelegate) {18
_drawDelegate = drawDelegate;19
}20
21
public void drawShape() {22
if (_drawDelegate != null)23
_drawDelegate();24
}25
26
public void setShape(DrawDelegate drawDelegate) {27
_drawDelegate = drawDelegate;28
}29
}30

31
class Triangle {32
public static void draw() {33
Console.WriteLine("Draw Triangle");34
}35
}36

37
class Circle {38
public static void draw() {39
Console.WriteLine("Draw Circle");40
}41
}42

43
class Square {44
public static void draw() {45
Console.WriteLine("Draw Square");46
}47
}48

49
class Program {50
public static void Main() {51
Grapher grapher = new Grapher(Square.draw);52
grapher.drawShape();53
54
grapher.setShape(Circle.draw);55
grapher.drawShape();56
}57
}
執行結果
Draw Square
Draw Circle
除此之外,GoF的Design Pattern也展示了使用template實做Strategy Pattern。
ISO C++ by Template
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : DP_StrategyPattern_template.cpp5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++6
Description : Demo how to use Strategy Pattern by template7
Release : 03/31/2007 1.08
*/9
#include <iostream>10

11
using namespace std;12

13
template <typename T>14
class Grapher {15
private:16
T _drawTemplate;17

18
public:19
void drawShape() const;20
};21

22
template<typename T>23
void Grapher<T>::drawShape() const {24
_drawTemplate.draw();25
}26

27
class Triangle {28
public:29
void draw() const;30
};31

32
void Triangle::draw() const {33
cout << "Draw Triangle" << endl;34
}35

36
class Circle {37
public:38
void draw() const;39
};40

41
void Circle::draw() const {42
cout << "Draw Circle" << endl;43
}44

45
class Square {46
public:47
void draw() const;48
};49

50
void Square::draw() const {51
cout << "Draw Square" << endl;52
}53

54
int main() {55
Grapher<Square> grapher;56
grapher.drawShape();57
58
Grapher<Circle> grapher2;59
grapher2.drawShape();60
}
執行結果
Draw Square
Draw Circle
同樣是實現多型,Design Pattern的用的是OOP的interface + dynamic binding技術,這是在run-time下完成,優點是在run-time動態改變,缺點是速度較慢;GP用template技術,這是在compile-time下完成,優點是速度較快,缺點是無法在run-time動態改變,由於template方式不需interface,所以整個程式看不到interface,也由於無法run-time改變,所以沒有setShape(),而16行的
T _drawTemplate;
也只是object而非pointer,因為不需run-time的多型,也非function pointer。
46行
Grapher<Square> grapher;
也只能在直接指定strategy,無法動態再改變。
C# 2.0也提供泛型了,所以C#也可以用Generics實現Strategy Pattern。
C# by Generics
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : DP_StrategyPattern_Generics.cs5
Compiler : Visual Studio 2005 / C# 2.06
Description : Demo how to implement Strategy Pattern by C# Generics7
Release : 07/08/2007 1.08
*/9
using System;10

11
interface IDrawStrategy {12
void draw();13
}14

15
class Grapher<T> where T : class, IDrawStrategy, new() {16
private T _drawStrategy = default(T);17

18
public Grapher() {19
_drawStrategy = new T();20
}21

22
public void drawShape() {23
if (_drawStrategy != null)24
_drawStrategy.draw();25
}26

27
public void setShape(T drawStrategy) {28
_drawStrategy = drawStrategy;29
}30
}31

32
class Triangle : IDrawStrategy {33
public void draw() {34
Console.WriteLine("Draw Triangle");35
}36
}37

38
class Circle : IDrawStrategy {39
public void draw() {40
Console.WriteLine("Draw Circle");41
}42
}43

44
class Square : IDrawStrategy {45
public void draw() {46
Console.WriteLine("Draw Square");47
}48
}49

50
class Program {51
public static void Main() {52
Grapher<Square> grapher = new Grapher<Square>();53
grapher.drawShape();54
55
Grapher<Circle> grapher2 = new Grapher<Circle>();56
grapher2.drawShape();57
}58
}
執行結果
Draw Square
Draw Circle
Remark
strategy和template method目的相同,皆對『新需求』的不同演算法提供『擴充』的機制,但手法卻不同,strategy採用object的方式,利用delegation改變演算法,而template method則採用class的繼承方式來改變演算法,也因為strategy採用object方式,所以有run-time改變的可能,但template method採class手法,所以無法run-time改變。
GoF的原文如下
Template methods use inheritance to vary part of an algorithm. Strategies use delegation to vary the entire algorithm.
Known Use
1.eclipse的plugin,可以在不修改eclipse原始碼下,外掛plugin變更eclipse所提供的功能。
See Also
(原創) 我的Design Pattern之旅[2]:Template Method Pattern (OO) (Design Pattern) (C/C++)
(原創) 我的Design Pattern之旅[3]:使用template改進Strategy Pattern (OO) (Design Pattern) (C/C++) (template)
Reference
GoF,Design Patterns,Addison Weseley Longman,1995
A. Shalloway,J. R. Trott,Design Patterns Explained 2/e,Addison Wesley, 2005
Eric Freeman,Elisabeth Freeman,Head First Design Pattern,O'Reilly,2004
Robert C. Martin,Agile Software Development,Pearson Prentice Hall, 2002
Scott Meyers,Effective C++ 3/e Item 35,Addison Wesley, 2005


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