pandas category数据类型

  • 实际应用pandas过程中,经常会用到category数据类型,通常以string的形式显示,包括颜色(红,绿,蓝),尺寸的大小(大,中,小),还有地理信息等(国家,省份),这些数据的处理经常会有各种各样的问题,pandas以及scikit-learn两个包可以将category数据转化为合适的数值型格式,这篇主要介绍通过这两个包处理category类型的数据转化为数值类型,也就是encoding的过程。
  • 数据来源UCI Machine Learning Repository,这个数据集中包含了很多的category类型的数据,可以从链接汇总查看数据的代表的含义。
  • 下面开始导入需要用到的包
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# 规定一下数据列的各个名称,
headers = ["symboling", "normalized_losses", "make", "fuel_type", "aspiration",
           "num_doors", "body_style", "drive_wheels", "engine_location",
           "wheel_base", "length", "width", "height", "curb_weight",
           "engine_type", "num_cylinders", "engine_size", "fuel_system",
           "bore", "stroke", "compression_ratio", "horsepower", "peak_rpm",
           "city_mpg", "highway_mpg", "price"]
# 从pandas导入csv文件,将?标记为NaN缺失值
df=pd.read_csv("http://mlr.cs.umass.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/autos/imports-85.data",header=None,names=headers,na_values="?")
df.head()
symboling normalized_losses make fuel_type aspiration num_doors body_style drive_wheels engine_location wheel_base ... engine_size fuel_system bore stroke compression_ratio horsepower peak_rpm city_mpg highway_mpg price
0 3 NaN alfa-romero gas std two convertible rwd front 88.6 ... 130 mpfi 3.47 2.68 9.0 111.0 5000.0 21 27 13495.0
1 3 NaN alfa-romero gas std two convertible rwd front 88.6 ... 130 mpfi 3.47 2.68 9.0 111.0 5000.0 21 27 16500.0
2 1 NaN alfa-romero gas std two hatchback rwd front 94.5 ... 152 mpfi 2.68 3.47 9.0 154.0 5000.0 19 26 16500.0
3 2 164.0 audi gas std four sedan fwd front 99.8 ... 109 mpfi 3.19 3.40 10.0 102.0 5500.0 24 30 13950.0
4 2 164.0 audi gas std four sedan 4wd front 99.4 ... 136 mpfi 3.19 3.40 8.0 115.0 5500.0 18 22 17450.0

5 rows × 26 columns

df.dtypes
symboling              int64
normalized_losses    float64
make                  object
fuel_type             object
aspiration            object
num_doors             object
body_style            object
drive_wheels          object
engine_location       object
wheel_base           float64
length               float64
width                float64
height               float64
curb_weight            int64
engine_type           object
num_cylinders         object
engine_size            int64
fuel_system           object
bore                 float64
stroke               float64
compression_ratio    float64
horsepower           float64
peak_rpm             float64
city_mpg               int64
highway_mpg            int64
price                float64
dtype: object
# 如果只关注category 类型的数据,其实根本没有必要拿到这些全部数据,只需要将object类型的数据取出,然后进行后续分析即可
obj_df = df.select_dtypes(include=['object']).copy()
obj_df.head()
make fuel_type aspiration num_doors body_style drive_wheels engine_location engine_type num_cylinders fuel_system
0 alfa-romero gas std two convertible rwd front dohc four mpfi
1 alfa-romero gas std two convertible rwd front dohc four mpfi
2 alfa-romero gas std two hatchback rwd front ohcv six mpfi
3 audi gas std four sedan fwd front ohc four mpfi
4 audi gas std four sedan 4wd front ohc five mpfi
#  在进行下一步处理的之前,需要将数据进行缺失值的处理,对列进行处理axis=1
obj_df[obj_df.isnull().any(axis=1)]
make fuel_type aspiration num_doors body_style drive_wheels engine_location engine_type num_cylinders fuel_system
27 dodge gas turbo NaN sedan fwd front ohc four mpfi
63 mazda diesel std NaN sedan fwd front ohc four idi
# 处理缺失值的方式有很多种,根据项目的不同或者填补缺失值或者去掉该样本。本文中的数据缺失用该列的众数来补充。
obj_df.num_doors.value_counts()

four    114
two      89
Name: num_doors, dtype: int64
obj_df=obj_df.fillna({"num_doors":"four"})

在处理完缺失值之后,有以下几种方式进行category数据转化encoding

  • Find and Replace
  • label encoding
  • One Hot encoding
  • Custom Binary encoding
  • sklearn
  • advanced Approaches
#  pandas里面的replace文档非常丰富,笔者在使用该功能时候,深感其参数众多,深感提供的功能也非常的强大
# 本文中使用replace的功能,创建map的字典,针对需要数据清理的列进行清理更加方便,例如:
cleanup_nums= {
    "num_doors":{"four":4,"two":2},
    "num_cylinders":{
        "four":4,"six":6,"five":5,"eight":8,"two":2,"twelve":12,"three":3
    }
}
obj_df.replace(cleanup_nums,inplace=True)
obj_df.head()
make fuel_type aspiration num_doors body_style drive_wheels engine_location engine_type num_cylinders fuel_system
0 alfa-romero gas std 2 convertible rwd front dohc 4 mpfi
1 alfa-romero gas std 2 convertible rwd front dohc 4 mpfi
2 alfa-romero gas std 2 hatchback rwd front ohcv 6 mpfi
3 audi gas std 4 sedan fwd front ohc 4 mpfi
4 audi gas std 4 sedan 4wd front ohc 5 mpfi

label encoding 是将一组无规则的,没有大小比较的数据转化为数字

  • 比如body_style 字段中含有多个数据值,可以使用该方法将其转化
  • convertible > 0
  • hardtop > 1
  • hatchback > 2
  • sedan > 3
  • wagon > 4

这种方式就像是密码编码一样,这,个比喻很有意思,就像之前看电影,记得一句台词,他们俩亲密的像做贼一样

# 通过pandas里面的 category数据类型,可以很方便的或者该编码
obj_df["body_style"]=obj_df["body_style"].astype("category")
obj_df.dtypes
make                 object
fuel_type            object
aspiration           object
num_doors             int64
body_style         category
drive_wheels         object
engine_location      object
engine_type          object
num_cylinders         int64
fuel_system          object
dtype: object
# 我们可以通过赋值新的列,保存其对应的code
# 通过这种方法可以舒服的数据,便于以后的数据分析以及整理
obj_df["body_style_code"] = obj_df["body_style"].cat.codes
obj_df.head()
make fuel_type aspiration num_doors body_style drive_wheels engine_location engine_type num_cylinders fuel_system body_style_code
0 alfa-romero gas std 2 convertible rwd front dohc 4 mpfi 0
1 alfa-romero gas std 2 convertible rwd front dohc 4 mpfi 0
2 alfa-romero gas std 2 hatchback rwd front ohcv 6 mpfi 2
3 audi gas std 4 sedan fwd front ohc 4 mpfi 3
4 audi gas std 4 sedan 4wd front ohc 5 mpfi 3

one hot encoding

  • label encoding 因为将wagon转化为4,而convertible变成了0,这里面是不是会有大大小的比较,可能会造成误解,然后利用one hot encoding这种方式
    是将特征转化为0或者1,这样会增加数据的列的数量,同时也减少了label encoding造成的衡量数据大小的误解。
  • pandas中提供了get_dummies 方法可以将需要转化的列的值转化为0,1,两种编码
# 新生成DataFrame包含了新生成的三列数据,
# drive_wheels_4wd 
# drive_wheels_fwd
# drive_wheels_rwd
pd.get_dummies(obj_df,columns=["drive_wheels"]).head()
make fuel_type aspiration num_doors body_style engine_location engine_type num_cylinders fuel_system body_style_code drive_wheels_4wd drive_wheels_fwd drive_wheels_rwd
0 alfa-romero gas std 2 convertible front dohc 4 mpfi 0 0 0 1
1 alfa-romero gas std 2 convertible front dohc 4 mpfi 0 0 0 1
2 alfa-romero gas std 2 hatchback front ohcv 6 mpfi 2 0 0 1
3 audi gas std 4 sedan front ohc 4 mpfi 3 0 1 0
4 audi gas std 4 sedan front ohc 5 mpfi 3 1 0 0
# 该方法之所以强大,是因为可以同时处理多个category的列,同时选择prefix前缀分别对应好
# 产生的新的DataFrame所有数据都包含
pd.get_dummies(obj_df, columns=["body_style", "drive_wheels"], prefix=["body", "drive"]).head()
make fuel_type aspiration num_doors engine_location engine_type num_cylinders fuel_system body_style_code body_convertible body_hardtop body_hatchback body_sedan body_wagon drive_4wd drive_fwd drive_rwd
0 alfa-romero gas std 2 front dohc 4 mpfi 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1 alfa-romero gas std 2 front dohc 4 mpfi 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 alfa-romero gas std 2 front ohcv 6 mpfi 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
3 audi gas std 4 front ohc 4 mpfi 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
4 audi gas std 4 front ohc 5 mpfi 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

自定义0,1 encoding

  • 有的时候回根据业务需要,可能会结合label encoding以及not hot 两种方式进行二值化。
obj_df["engine_type"].value_counts()
ohc      148
ohcf      15
ohcv      13
dohc      12
l         12
rotor      4
dohcv      1
Name: engine_type, dtype: int64
# 有的时候为了区分出 engine_type是否是och技术的,可以使用二值化,将该列进行处理
# 这也突出了领域知识是如何以最有效的方式解决问题
obj_df["engine_type_code"] = np.where(obj_df["engine_type"].str.contains("ohc"),1,0)
obj_df[["make","engine_type","engine_type_code"]].head()
make engine_type engine_type_code
0 alfa-romero dohc 1
1 alfa-romero dohc 1
2 alfa-romero ohcv 1
3 audi ohc 1
4 audi ohc 1

scikit-learn中的数据转化

  • sklearn.processing模块提供了很多方便的数据转化以及缺失值处理方式(Imputer),可以直接从该模块导入LabelEncoder,LabelBinarizer,0,1归一化(最大最小标准化),Normalizer正则化(L1,L2)一般用的不多,标准化(最大最小标准化max_mix),非线性转换,生成多项式特征(PolynomialFeatures),将每个特征缩放在同样的范围或分布情况下
  • sklearn processing 模块官网文档链接
  • category_encoders包官方文档

至此,数据预处理以及category转化大致讲完了。

posted on 2018-08-02 15:53  多一点  阅读(10425)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报

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