第五章 交换技术

VLAN

VLAN

VLAN ID

  • VLAN ID范围0~4095
  • 0,4095保留,仅限系统使用,用户不能查看和使用这些VLAN
  • 1 正常,Cisco默认VLAN,用户能够使用VLAN,但是无法删除
  • 2~1001,用于以太网VLAN,用户可以随意创建,使用和删除这些VLAN
  • 10021005,正常,用于FDDI和Cisco默认VLAN,用户不能删除VLAN1002~1005
  • 1006~1024,保留,仅限系统使用,用户不能查看和使用这些vlan
  • 1025~4094,拓展vlan,仅用于以太网vlan

vlan分类

  • 数据vlan:最常规的VLAN
  • 管理vlan:用于管理员对交换机进行管理
  • 语音vlan
  • 私有vlan
  • 本征vlan

vlan

SW1#vlan database 
SW1(vlan)#vlan 10 name IT
VLAN 10 added:
    Name: IT
SW1(vlan)#vlan 20 name JX
VLAN 20 added:
    Name: JX
SW1(vlan)#exit
SW1#conf te
SW1(config)#int range f1/0 , f1/1
SW1(config-if-range)#no shutdown
SW1(config-if-range)#swi
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mo
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode acc
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport mode access 
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport acc
SW1(config-if-range)#switchport access vlan 10
SW1(config-if)#end
SW1#show sw
SW1#show vlan-sw
SW1#show vlan-switch bri
SW1#show vlan-switch brief 

VLAN Name                             Status    Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1    default                          active    Fa1/5, Fa1/6, Fa1/7, Fa1/8
                                                Fa1/9, Fa1/10, Fa1/11, Fa1/12
                                                Fa1/13, Fa1/14, Fa1/15
10   IT                               active    Fa1/0, Fa1/1, Fa1/3
20   JX                               active    Fa1/2, Fa1/4
1002 fddi-default                     active  
1003 token-ring-default               active  
1004 fddinet-default                  active  
1005 trnet-default                    active  


SW1(config-if)# switchport trunk encapsulation dot1
SW1(config-if)# switchport trunk native vlan 10
SW1(config-if)# switchport trunk allow vlan 1,20,1002-1005

Trunk的优化

NATIVE VLAN---本征vlan,自然vlan

  • 不打tag,节省资源,一个交换机只能有一个NATIVE VLAN,默认VLAN 1为NATIVE VLAN
  • swtichport trunk native vlan ID
    

VTP技术

定义

vlan trunking protocol,思科私有,用于管理vlan(统一创建、修改、删除)

原理

  • VTP模式(服务器和客户端)
  • VTP域名和密码(domain、password)
  • VTP修订版本号
  • VTP分组

部署

按照版本高低从服务器端同步vlan,特殊情况下也可能导致服务器向服务器学习

//服务器端部署
SW3#vlan database 
SW3(vlan)#vtp server
Device mode already VTP SERVER.
SW3(vlan)#vtp domain PL
Changing VTP domain name from LP to PL
SW3(vlan)#vtp password cisco
Password already set to cisco.
SW3(vlan)#exit


//客户端部署
SW2#vlan da
SW2(vlan)#vtp client
Setting device to VTP CLIENT mode.
SW2(vlan)#vtp domain PL
Changing VTP domain name from NULL to PL
SW2(vlan)#vtp password cisco
Setting device VLAN database password to cisco.
SW2(vlan)#exit


//查看VTP状态
SW1#show vtp status 
VTP Version                     : 2
Configuration Revision          : 1
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 256
Number of existing VLANs        : 8
VTP Operating Mode              : Client
VTP Domain Name                 : PL
VTP Pruning Mode                : Disabled
VTP V2 Mode                     : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation            : Disabled
MD5 digest                      : 0xA0 0xB3 0x0E 0x85 0xB0 0x52 0x8B 0x5D 
Configuration last modified by 0.0.0.0 at 3-1-02 00:46:18

VTP分组

汇总通告包

向外通告本地的VTP信息,每5分钟通报一次,vlan发生变动时也发送
No.	Time	Source	Destination	Protocol	Length	Info
//汇总通告包
50	26.756016	cc:03:12:1c:f1:01	CDP/VTP/DTP/PAgP/UDLD	VTP	99	Summary Advertisement, Revision: 1, Followers: 1
//子集通告包
51	26.771367	cc:03:12:1c:f1:01	CDP/VTP/DTP/PAgP/UDLD	VTP	314	Subset Advertisement, Revision: 1, Seq: 1[Malformed Packet]
52	26.848951	cc:01:04:74:f1:01	CDP/VTP/DTP/PAgP/UDLD	VTP	99	Summary Advertisement, Revision: 1, Followers: 1
53	26.863518	cc:01:04:74:f1:01	CDP/VTP/DTP/PAgP/UDLD	VTP	314	Subset Advertisement, Revision: 1, Seq: 1[Malformed Packet]

通告请求包

客户端服或务端触发请求

子集通告包

当vlan发生变化时的vlan信息集
Frame 51: 314 bytes on wire (2512 bits), 314 bytes captured (2512 bits)
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 
Logical-Link Control
VLAN Trunking Protocol
    Version: 0x01
    Code: Subset Advertisement (0x02)
    Sequence Number: 1
    Management Domain Length: 2
    Management Domain: PL
    Configuration Revision Number: 1
    VLAN Information
[Malformed Packet: VTP]

VTP透明模式(transparent)

原理:

将新接入的vlan版本设置为0

权限:

能够创建删除修改vlan,但是无法与其他设备进行交互

配置:

SW2#vlan database
SW2(vlan)#vtp transparent
Setting device to VTP TRANSPARENT mode.
SW2(vlan)#exit
APPLY completed.
Exiting....

交换防环

二层环路形成

//配置视图

no spanning-tree vlan 1    //关闭防环地址
int vlan 1                //vlan1交换机逻辑管理接口
no sh
ip add ip地址 子网掩码     //为vlan配置ip地址
ping IP地址
debug ip packet    //调试IP数据包
debug ip icmp    //调试ICMP包
debug arp      //调试ARP包

STP

分类

  • STP:802.1d
  • PVST:思科私有
  • RSTP:802.1w
  • MSTP:802.1s

选举原理

STP网桥角色

  • 根网桥、备根网桥、非根网桥

  • 依据:BID=优先级(默认值32678)+本地mac

    • 优先级范围0~65535
  • 规则:越小越优先

STP端口角色

  • 角色:根端口、指定端口、非根端口

  • 根端口:非根设备、除了根以外、离根最近的端口,用来接收BPDU分组,有且只有一个

  • 指定端口:链路,每个链路必须有且只有一个指定端口,离根最近,用来发送BPDU分组

  • 阻塞端口:拓扑,每个环形拓扑必须有的,用来阻塞数据防止环路

  • 依据:

    • 先选举cost最短(到根)
    • 再选举BID最小
    • 再选举邻居PID(PID=Port Priority + Port ID)最小

STP的选举技巧

  • 先选根桥,并且根桥的所有接口都是DP(根桥的接口离本身最近)
  • DP对面就是RP(因为DP发送BPDU分组,RP接收BPDU分组)
  • 选举的流程:先选根桥-->选RP/DP-->选NDP(阻塞端口)

配置

spanning-tree vlan 1  //开启生成树协议
show spanning-tree vlan 1 brief  //查看生成树协议状态
show run | include spanning
SW1#show spanning-tree vlan 1 brief 

VLAN1
  Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
  Root ID    Priority    32768
             Address     cc01.4aa0.0000
             This bridge is the root
             Hello Time   2 sec  Max Age 20 sec  Forward Delay 15 sec

  Bridge ID  Priority    32768
             Address     cc01.4aa0.0000
             Hello Time   2 sec  Max Age 20 sec  Forward Delay 15 sec
             Aging Time 300

Interface                                   Designated
Name                 Port ID Prio Cost  Sts Cost  Bridge ID            Port ID
-------------------- ------- ---- ----- --- ----- -------------------- -------
FastEthernet1/0      128.41   128    19 FWD     0 32768 cc01.4aa0.0000 128.41 
FastEthernet1/1      128.42   128    19 LIS     0 32768 cc01.4aa0.0000 128.42

//通过写明具体的优先级配置
spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 0  //设置优先级,优先级0~65535
//通过关键字设置
spanning-tree vlan 1 root primary
spanning-tree vlan 1 root secondary

STP数据分组

BPDU的定义

BPDU(Bridge Protocol Data Unit,网桥协议数据单元)用于实现生成树的选举和维持,一般包含选举的参数,例如BID、PID、Cost。初始情况下都能发送,当根选举后,只有根才能发送,其他交换机仅仅是转发。

BPDU分类

  • configuration BPDU
  • TCN/TC/TCA BPDU
//配置BPDU包
Spanning Tree Protocol
    Protocol Identifier: Spanning Tree Protocol (0x0000)
    Protocol Version Identifier: Spanning Tree (0)
    BPDU Type: Configuration (0x00)
    BPDU flags: 0x00
        0... .... = Topology Change Acknowledgment: No
        .... ...0 = Topology Change: No
    Root Identifier: 32768 / 0 / cc:01:4a:a0:00:00
        Root Bridge Priority: 32768
        Root Bridge System ID Extension: 0
        Root Bridge System ID: cc:01:4a:a0:00:00 (cc:01:4a:a0:00:00)
    Root Path Cost: 0
    Bridge Identifier: 32768 / 0 / cc:01:4a:a0:00:00
        Bridge Priority: 32768
        Bridge System ID Extension: 0
        Bridge System ID: cc:01:4a:a0:00:00 (cc:01:4a:a0:00:00)
    Port identifier: 0x8029
    Message Age: 0
    Max Age: 20
    Hello Time: 2
    Forward Delay: 15
//TCN、TC、TCA包
215438	10734.419026	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215439	10736.608491	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215440	10738.973192	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215441	10741.467512	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215442	10743.683322	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215443	10745.866352	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215444	10748.114273	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029
215445	10750.322500	cc:01:4a:a0:f1:00	Spanning-tree-(for-bridges)_00	STP	60	Conf. TC + Root = 32768/0/cc:01:4a:a0:00:00  Cost = 0  Port = 0x8029

STP端口状态

graph LR Blocking-.->Listening-.->learning-.->Forwarding

链路状态

定义

从链路出现故障到网络拓扑趋于稳定的过程称为链路收敛过程

分类

  • 直接链路收敛:30s

    • graph LR Blocking-.20s.->Listening-.15s.->learning-.15s.->Forwarding
  • 间接链路收敛:50s

链路收敛实验

debug spanning-tree events   //调试STP状态收敛过程

uplinkfast

spanning-tree uplinkfast

Backbonefast

骨干加速,用于加速间接链路收敛,可以减少20s
spanning-tree backbonefast

Portfast

加速接入设备与交换机

PVST

n个vlan有n棵树

部署

开启trunk链路
创建vlan10/20
部署pvst(persvlan stp)
spanning-tree vlan 10 root primary
spanning-tree vlan 10 root secondary

交换冗余

链路捆绑

  • 条件:将多根链路捆绑一起,需要保证链路的速率、双工模式、介质、配置等一样
  • 方式:强制模式(on)、协商模式(PAGP、LACP)
//不跑协议
int range f0/1 , f0/4
switchport mode trunk
channel-group 1 mode on    //将接口捆绑进入组1

show ip interface brief
show int port-channel 1    //查看接口带宽
show etherchannel summary     //查看以太通道属性
show cdp neighbors            //查看邻居
show int trunk
show spanning-tree vlan 10 brief
//PAGP 思科私有
int range f0/1 , f0/4
switchport mode trunk
channel-protocol pagp          //设置协议为PAGP(端口汇聚协议)
channel-group 1 mode desirable/auto       //desirable表示主动协商,auto表示被动协商,通常为db模式

//LACP 行业标准
int range f0/1 , f0/4
switchport mode trunk
channel-protocol lacp          //设置链路汇聚协议
channel-group 1 mode active/passive             //active表示主动协商,passive表示被动协商

单臂路由

通过路由器子接口实现vlan间通信

//路由器
R1(config)#interface f1/0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config)#interface f1/0.10
R1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 10
R1(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.10.254 255.255.255.0
R1(config)#interface f1/0.20
R1(config-subif)#encapsulation dot1Q 20
R1(config-subif)#ip address 192.168.20.254 255.255.255.0

DHCP部署

//服务器端部署
ip dhcp pool vlan10 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0
ip dhcp pool vlan20 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0
ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.10.254
ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.20.254
//客户端部署
no ip address
ip address dhcp   //开启dhcp请求

交换安全

端口安全

int f1/0
switchport mode access
spanning-tree porfast     //开启端口加速
switchport port-security     //开启端口安全
switchport port-security mac-address sticky     //开启地址学习
switchport Port-security Max 1          //定义最大mac接入数
switchport port-security violation shutdown    //定义惩罚模式
//protect security violation protect mode 保护模式(丢包)
//restrict  security violation restrict mode  限制模式(丢包+报警)
//shutdown   security violation shutdown mode 关闭模式(关闭端口)

实战

排错

  • trunk:show int trunk show run int f0/1
  • vtp/vlan:show vtp status show vlan-switch brief
  • stp/pvst:show spanning-tree vlan 10 brief
  • l3 switching:show ip int brief
  • dhcp:show ip int brief show run | section ip dhcp show ip route
  • etherchannel:show etherchannel summary show ip int brief show int port-channel 1
  • port-security:show run show run int f0/1
  • OSPF:show run | section route ospf show ip ospf neighbor show ip route ospf

posted on 2023-06-01 19:51  熊猫爱旅行  阅读(70)  评论(0)    收藏  举报