js 原型链 prototype __proto__
1、说明
函数(Function)才有prototype属性,对象(除Object)拥有__proto__。
2、prototype与__proto__区别


示例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>prototype与__proto__区别</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var a = {};
            console.log(a.prototype); //undefined
            console.log(a.__proto__); //Object {}
            var b = function() {}
            console.log(b.prototype); //b {}
            console.log(b.__proto__); //function() {}
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
控制台输出:

(3)__proto__指向

示例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>__proto__指向</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            /*1、字面量方式*/
            var a = {};
            console.log(a.__proto__); //Object {}
            console.log(a.__proto__ === a.constructor.prototype); //true
            /*2、构造器方式*/
            var A = function() {};
            var b = new A();
            console.log(b.__proto__); //A {}
            console.log(b.__proto__ === b.constructor.prototype); //true
            /*3、Object.create()方式*/
            var a1 = {
                a: 1
            }
            var a2 = Object.create(a1);
            console.log(a2.__proto__); //Object {a: 1}
            console.log(a2.__proto__ === a2.constructor.prototype); //false(此处即为图1中的例外情况)
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
控制台输出:

(4)原型链
(1)是__proto__指向的一条指针链!
(2)查找属性时,首先先查找自身属性,找不到的话,在查找原型链上的属性。但是不会查找自身的prototype属性。
示例代码:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>属性查找</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            Function.prototype.age = 20;
            let b = function() {}
            b.prototype.age = 10;
            console.log(b.age)//输出20
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

示例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>原型链</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var A = function() {};
            var a = new A();
            console.log(a.__proto__); //A {}(即构造器function A 的原型对象)
            console.log(a.__proto__.__proto__); //Object {}(即构造器function Object 的原型对象)
            console.log(a.__proto__.__proto__.__proto__); //null
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
(5)prototype
prototype和length是每一个函数类型自带的两个属性,而其它非函数类型并没有,这一点之所以比较容易被忽略或误解,是因为所有类型的构造函数本身也是函数,所以它们自带了prototype属性:
示例:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>prototype</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            console.log(Object.prototype); //=> {} 
            console.log(Function.prototype); //=> [Function: Empty] 
            console.log(String.prototype); //=> [String: '']
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
除了prototype之外,Js中的所有对象(undefined、null等特殊情况除外)都有一个内置的[[Prototype]]属性,指向它“父类”的prototype,这个内置属性在ECMA标准中并没有给出明确的获取方式,但是许多Js的实现(如Node、大部分浏览器等)都提供了一个__proto__属性来指代这一[[Prototype]],我们通过下面的例子来说明实例中的__proto__是如何指向构造函数的prototype的:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>prototype与__proto__</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var Person = function() {};
            Person.prototype.type = 'Person';
            Person.prototype.maxAge = 100;
            var p = new Person();
            p.name = 'rainy';
            Person.prototype.constructor === Person; //=> true 
            p.__proto__ === Person.prototype; //=> true 
            console.log(p.prototype); //=> undefined
            console.log(p.maxAge); //100
            console.log(p.__proto__.maxAge); //100
            console.log(p.name); //rainy
            console.log(p.__proto__.name); //undefined
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
图示:

Person是一个函数类型的变量,因此自带了prototype属性,prototype指向中的Person.prototype对象。Person.prototype.constructor又指向Person本身;通过new关键字生成的Person类的实例p1,通过__proto__属性指向了Person的原型。这里的__proto__只是为了说明实例p1在内部实现的时候与父类之间存在的关联(指向父类的原型),在实际操作过程中实例可以直接通过.获取父类原型中的属性,从而实现了继承的功能。
(6)原型链
示例代码:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>prototype与__proto__</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var Obj = function() {};
            var o = new Obj();
            o.__proto__ === Obj.prototype; //=> true 
            o.__proto__.constructor === Obj; //=> true
            Obj.__proto__ === Function.prototype; //=> true 
            Obj.__proto__.constructor === Function; //=> true
            Function.__proto__ === Function.prototype; //=> true 
            Object.__proto__ === Object.prototype; //=> false 
            Object.__proto__ === Function.prototype; //=> true
            Function.__proto__.constructor === Function; //=> true 
            Function.__proto__.__proto__; //=> {} 
            Function.__proto__.__proto__ === o.__proto__.__proto__; //=> true 
            o.__proto__.__proto__.__proto__ === null; //=> true
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
(7)null与undefined
null与undefined 无原型
//报错
            console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(undefined))
            //报错
            console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(null))

从上面的例子和图解可以看出,prototype对象也有__proto__属性,向上追溯一直到null。
(8)原型链的遍历过程(一直到null)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge" />
        <title>原型链的遍历过程</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="https://cdn.bootcss.com/lodash.js/4.17.10/lodash.min.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            let a = 1
            console.log(a.__proto__ === Number.prototype) //true
            console.log(Number.__proto__ === Function.prototype) //true
            console.log(Function.__proto__ === Function.prototype) //true
            console.log(Function.__proto__.__proto__ === Object.prototype) //true
            console.log(Function.__proto__.__proto__.__proto__)
        </script>
    </body>
</html>
(9)获取原型对象
Object.getPrototypeOf(object)
(10)原型上可遍历的属性

__proto__ 隐式原型 prototype显示原型

作者:孟繁贵 Email:meng010387@126.com 期待共同进步!

 
                
            
         
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浙公网安备 33010602011771号