Beautifulsoup模块
一、介绍
Beautiful Soup 是一个可以从HTML或XML文件中提取数据的Python库.
它能够通过你喜欢的转换器实现惯用的文档导航,查找,修改文档的方式.
Beautiful Soup会帮你节省数小时甚至数天的工作时间.你可能在寻找
Beautiful Soup3 的文档,Beautiful Soup 3 目前已经停止开发,官网推
荐在现在的项目中使用Beautiful Soup 4, 移植到BS4
#安装 Beautiful Soup
pip install beautifulsoup4
#安装解析器
Beautiful Soup支持Python标准库中的HTML解析器,还支持一些第三方的解析器,其中一个是lxml.
根据操作系统不同,可以选择下列方法来安装lxml:
$ apt-get install Python-lxml
$ easy_install lxml
$ pip install lxml
另一个可供选择的解析器是纯Python实现的 html5lib , html5lib的解析方式与浏览器相同,可以选择下列方法来安装html5lib:
$ apt-get install Python-html5lib
$ easy_install html5lib
$ pip install html5lib
下表列出了主要的解析器,以及它们的优缺点,官网推荐使用lxml作为解析器,因为效率更高. 在Python2.7.3之前的版本和Python3中3.2.2之前的版本,必须安装lxml或html5lib,
因为那些Python版本的标准库中内置的HTML解析方法不够稳定.
| 解析器 | 使用方法 | 优势 | 劣势 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Python标准库 |
BeautifulSoup(markup, "html.parser") |
|
|
|
lxml HTML 解析器 |
BeautifulSoup(markup, "lxml") |
|
|
|
lxml XML 解析器 |
BeautifulSoup(markup, ["lxml", "xml"]) BeautifulSoup(markup, "xml") |
|
|
|
html5lib |
BeautifulSoup(markup, "html5lib") |
|
|
中文文档:https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/index.zh.html
二、基本使用
html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ #基本使用:容错处理,文档的容错能力指的是在html代码不完整的情况下,使用该模块可以识别该错误。
使用BeautifulSoup解析上述代码,能够得到一个 BeautifulSoup 的对象,并能按照标准的缩进格式的结构输出 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup=BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') #具有容错功能 res=soup.prettify() #处理好缩进,结构化显示 print(res)
三、遍历文档树
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" id='sss'><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister vvv" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ soup=BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') # soup=BeautifulSoup(open('a.html',encoding='utf-8'),'lxml') # print(soup.prettify()) # 遍历文档树:直接通过标签名字选择,特点选择速度快,但只返回第一个 # 1、用法 # print(soup.a,type(soup.a)) # 2、获取标签名称 # print(soup.a.name) # 3、获取标签的属性 # print(soup.a.attrs) # 4、获取标签的内容 # print(soup.a.string) # print(soup.a.strings) # print(list(soup.strings)) # for line in soup.stripped_strings: # print(line) # 5、嵌套选择 # print(soup.p.b.string) # 6、子节点、子孙节点 # print(soup.p.contents) # print(list(soup.p.children)) # 7、父节点 祖先节点 # print(soup.a.parent) # print(list(soup.a.parents)) # 8、兄弟节点 # print(soup.a.next_sibling) # print(list(soup.a.next_siblings)) # print(soup.a.previous_sibling) # print(list(soup.a.previous_siblings))
四、搜索文档树
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" id='sss'><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister vvv" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ soup=BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') # 搜索文档树 # 1、字符过滤器:完全匹配 # name=字符:与标签名完全匹配 # id=字符:与id名完全匹配 # print(soup.find_all('body')) # print(soup.find_all(name='body')) # print(soup.find_all(id='link1')) # 2、正则过滤器 # import re # print(soup.find_all(name=re.compile('b'))) # print(soup.find_all(class_=re.compile('st'))) # 3、列表过滤器:符合列表中的一个条件即可 # print(soup.find_all(id=['sss','link2'])) # print(soup.find_all(name=['a','p'])) # 4、True # print(soup.find_all(id=True)) # print(soup.find_all(class_=True)) # for tag in soup.find_all(True): # print(tag.name) # 5、方法过滤器 # tag.has_attr('class') # tag.has_attr('id') # def has_class_not_id(tag): # return tag.has_attr('class') and not tag.has_attr('id') # # print(soup.find_all(has_class_not_id)) # 详细用法:find_all(name,attrs,recursive,text,**kwargs,limit) import re # name: # print(soup.find_all(name='a')) # print(soup.find_all(name=re.compile('^b'))) # print(soup.find_all(name=['a','b'])) # print(soup.find_all(name=True)) # keyword:key=value # print(soup.find_all(id='link3')) # print(soup.find_all(class_='sister',href=re.compile('lacie'))) # print(soup.find_all(class_='sister',href=re.compile('lacie'))[0].name) # print(soup.find_all(class_='sister',href=re.compile('lacie'))[0].attrs['href']) # print(soup.find_all(class_='sister',href=re.compile('lacie'))[0].string) # # data_soup=BeautifulSoup('<div data-foo="value">foo!</div>','lxml') # # print(data_soup.find_all(data-foo='value')) #这样不行 # print(data_soup.find_all(attrs={'data-foo':'value'})) # class_ # print(soup.find_all(class_='sister vvv')) # print(soup.find_all(class_='vvv sister')) #没有匹配上,顺序需一致 # print(soup.find_all(class_='vvv')) # print(soup.find_all(class_='sister')) # attrs # print(soup.find_all(name='a',attrs={'class':'sister'})) # text # print(soup.find_all(name='a',text='Tillie')) # print(soup.find_all(name='b',text=re.compile('y$'))) # limit 限制打印条数 # print(soup.find_all(name='a',limit=2)) # recursive 递归 默认True,为False时不能隔代找 # print(soup.find_all(name='body')[0].find_all(name='a',recursive=False)) # print(soup.find_all(name='body')[0].find_all(name='p',recursive=False)) print(soup.head.title) print(soup.find('head').find('title'))
find与findall find_all() 方法将返回文档中符合条件的所有tag,尽管有时候我们只想得到一个结果.
比如文档中只有一个<body>标签,那么使用 find_all() 方法来查找<body>标签就不
太合适, 使用 find_all 方法并设置 limit=1 参数不如直接使用 find() 方法.
下面两行代码是等价的: soup.find_all('title', limit=1) # [<title>The Dormouse's story</title>] soup.find('title') # <title>The Dormouse's story</title> 唯一的区别是 find_all() 方法的返回结果是值包含一个元素的列表,而 find() 方法直接返回结果. find_all() 方法没有找到目标是返回空列表, find() 方法找不到目标时,返回 None . print(soup.find("nosuchtag")) # None soup.head.title 是 tag的名字 方法的简写.这个简写的原理就是多次调用当前tag的 find() 方法: soup.head.title # <title>The Dormouse's story</title> soup.find("head").find("title") # <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
其它方法:见官网:https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/index.zh.html#find-parents-find-parent
#css选择器 #该模块提供了select方法来支持css,详见官网:https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/index.zh.html#id37 html_doc = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title"> <b>The Dormouse's story</b> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; <div class='panel-1'> <ul class='list' id='list-1'> <li class='element'>Foo</li> <li class='element'>Bar</li> <li class='element'>Jay</li> </ul> <ul class='list list-small' id='list-2'> <li class='element'><h1 class='yyyy'>Foo</h1></li> <li class='element xxx'>Bar</li> <li class='element'>Jay</li> </ul> </div> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup=BeautifulSoup(html_doc,'lxml') #1、CSS选择器 print(soup.p.select('.sister')) print(soup.select('.sister span')) print(soup.select('#link1')) print(soup.select('#link1 span')) print(soup.select('#list-2 .element.xxx')) print(soup.select('#list-2')[0].select('.element')) #可以一直select,但其实没必要,一条select就可以了 # 2、获取属性 print(soup.select('#list-2 h1')[0].attrs) # 3、获取内容 print(soup.select('#list-2 h1')[0].get_text())
五、修改文档树
链接:https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/index.zh.html#id40
总结:
#1、推荐使用lxml解析库
#2、讲了三种选择器:标签选择器,find与find_all,css选择器
1、标签选择器筛选功能弱,但是速度快
2、建议使用find,find_all查询匹配单个结果或者多个结果
3、如果对css选择器非常熟悉建议使用select
#3、记住常用的获取属性attrs和文本值get_text()的方法

浙公网安备 33010602011771号