试验5 多态
##任务1
###1.源代码
#pragma once
#include <string>
// 发行/出版物类:Publisher (抽象类)
class Publisher {
public:
Publisher(const std::string &name_ = ""); // 构造函数
virtual ~Publisher() = default;
public:
virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
virtual void use() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
protected:
std::string name; // 发行/出版物名称
};
// 图书类: Book
class Book: public Publisher {
public:
Book(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &author_ = ""); // 构造函数
public:
void publish() const override; // 接口
void use() const override; // 接口
private:
std::string author; // 作者
};
// 电影类: Film
class Film: public Publisher {
public:
Film(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &director_ = ""); // 构造函数
public:
void publish() const override; // 接口
void use() const override; // 接口
private:
std::string director; // 导演
};
// 音乐类:Music
class Music: public Publisher {
public:
Music(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &artist_ = "");
public:
void publish() const override; // 接口
void use() const override; // 接口
private:
std::string artist; // 音乐艺术家名称
};
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "publisher.hpp"
// Publisher类:实现
Publisher::Publisher(const std::string &name_): name {name_} {
}
// Book类: 实现
Book::Book(const std::string &name_ , const std::string &author_ ): Publisher{name_}, author{author_} {
}
void Book::publish() const {
std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}
void Book::use() const {
std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}
// Film类:实现
Film::Film(const std::string &name_, const std::string &director_):Publisher{name_},director{director_} {
}
void Film::publish() const {
std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}
void Film::use() const {
std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}
// Music类:实现
Music::Music(const std::string &name_, const std::string &artist_): Publisher{name_}, artist{artist_} {
}
void Music::publish() const {
std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}
void Music::use() const {
std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "publisher.hpp"
void test1() {
std::vector<Publisher *> v;
v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));
for(Publisher *ptr: v) {
ptr->publish();
ptr->use();
std::cout << '\n';
delete ptr;
}
}
/*
void test2() {
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v;
v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));
for(const auto &ptr: v) {
ptr->publish();
ptr->use();
std::cout << '\n';
}
}
*/
void test3() {
Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout");
book.publish();
book.use();
}
int main() {
std::cout << "运行时多态:纯虚函数、抽象类\n";
std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
test1();
//std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
//test2();
std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
test3();
}
###2.编译测试截图

###3.回答问题:
问题1:抽象类机制
(1)是什么决定了 Publisher 是抽象类?用一句话说明,并指出代码中的具体依据。
答:c++中,至少包含一个纯虚函数的类叫做抽象类。publisher类定义中有三处依据如下
public:
virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
virtual void use() const = 0;
virtual ~Publisher() = default;
(2)如果在 main.cpp 里直接写 Publisher p; 能否编译通过?为什么?
答:不可以,因为publisher是抽象类,不可以实例化该类的对象。因为纯虚函数并没有具体的函数实现逻辑代码,只能通过&引用或者指针指向。
问题2:纯虚函数与接口继承
(1) Book 、 Film 、 Music 必须实现哪两个函数才能通过编译?请写出其完整函数声明。
答:必须重写纯虚函数,即publish(),use()两个方法
void publish() const override;
void use() const override
(2) 在 publisher.cpp 的 Film 类实现中,把两个成员函数实现里的 const 去掉(保持函数体不变),重新
编译,报错信息是什么?
答:截图如下

报错信息:Film::publish()和Film::user()函数虽然用override声明是基类虚函数的重写函数,但实际上并不是重写函数,矛盾冲突。
虚函数的重写函数参数列表,是否带const关键字,返回值应当与基类声明时的虚函数一致。
这里删掉cosnt关键字之后与基类虚函数不一致,会视作派生类中与虚函数同名的新函数而隐藏基类的函数。
问题3:运行时多态与虚析构
(1)在 test1() 里, for (Publisher *ptr : v) 中 ptr 的声明类型是什么?
答:基类publisher的类指针变量
(2)当循环执行到 ptr->publish(); 时, ptr 实际指向的对象类型分别有哪些?(按循环顺序写出)
答:Book,Film,Music对象
(3)基类 Publisher 的析构函数为何声明为 virtual ?若删除 virtual ,执行 delete ptr; 会出现什么
问题?
答:如果删除,那么基类指针指向派生类后,编译器只能看见基类指针的析构函数,并调用 而不会调用派生类对象的析构函数,这就导致只有基类部分的类成员被删除,而派生类 新增数据占用的内存没有被释放,造成内存泄漏
##task4要求所有代码写到一个文件中
##任务2
###1.源代码
#pragma once #include <string> // 图书描述信息类Book: 声明 class Book { public: Book(const std::string &name_, const std::string &author_, const std::string &translator_, const std::string &isbn_, double price_); friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book); private: std::string name; // 书名 std::string author; // 作者 std::string translator; // 译者 std::string isbn; // isbn号 double price; // 定价 };
#include <iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include "book.hpp" // 图书描述信息类Book: 实现 Book::Book(const std::string &name_, const std::string &author_, const std::string &translator_, const std::string &isbn_, double price_):name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} { } // 运算符<<重载实现 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) { using std::left; using std::setw; out << left; out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n' << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n' << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n' << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n' << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price; return out; }
#pragma once #include <string> #include "book.hpp" // 图书销售记录类BookSales:声明 class BookSale { public: BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_); int get_amount() const; // 返回销售数量 double get_revenue() const; // 返回营收 friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item); private: Book rb; double sales_price; // 售价 int sales_amount; // 销售数量 };
#include <iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include "booksale.hpp" // 图书销售记录类BookSales:实现 BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_): rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} { } int BookSale::get_amount() const { return sales_amount; } double BookSale::get_revenue() const { return sales_amount * sales_price; } // 运算符<<重载实现 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) { using std::left; using std::setw; out << left; out << item.rb << '\n' << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n' << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n' << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue(); return out; }
#include <algorithm> #include <iomanip> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include "booksale.hpp" // 按图书销售数量比较 bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) { return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount(); } void test() { using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::getline; using std::sort; using std::string; using std::vector; using std::ws; vector<BookSale> sales_records; // 图书销售记录表 int books_number; cout << "录入图书数量: "; cin >> books_number; cout << "录入图书销售记录\n"; for(int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) { string name, author, translator, isbn; double price; cout << string(20, '-') << "第" << i+1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << '\n'; cout << "录入书名: "; getline(cin>>ws, name); cout << "录入作者: "; getline(cin>>ws, author); cout << "录入译者: "; getline(cin>>ws, translator); cout << "录入isbn: "; getline(cin>>ws, isbn); cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price; Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price); double sales_price; int sales_amount; cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price; cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount; BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount); sales_records.push_back(record); } // 按销售册数排序 sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount); // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息 cout << string(20, '=') << "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << '\n'; for(auto &record: sales_records) { cout << record << '\n'; cout << string(40, '-') << '\n'; } } int main() { test(); }
###2.运行测试截图

###3.回答问题:
问题1:重载运算符<<
(1)找出运算符 << 被重载了几处?分别用于什么类型?
答:两处
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item)
用于输出BookSale类的对象
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book)
用于输出Book类的对象
(2)找出使用重载 << 输出对象的代码,写在下面。
答:for(auto &record: sales_records)
cout << record << '\n';
sales_records是booksale类对象容器,此处调用了booksale类对<<运算符重载
out << item.rb << '\n'
rb是booksale类对象的属性,属于book类,此处调用了book类对的<<运算符重载
问题2:图书销售统计
(1)图书销售记录"按销售数量降序排序",代码是如何实现的?
答:sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount);
调用标准库的sort函数,前两个参数表示排序范围,排序范围是[sale_records.begin,sales_records.end),第三个参数为比较函数,这里是自定义比较函数,指定排序方式为销售数量的降序
(2)拓展(选答*):如果使用lambda表达式,如何实现"按销售数量降序排序"?
答:
sort(sales_lst.begin(), sales_lst.end(),
[](const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) {
return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();
}
);
直接把排序表达式内嵌到第三个参数中,[]为需要用到的外部变量(此处为空)
##任务3
###1.源代码
#include <iostream> // 类A的定义 class A { public: A(int x0, int y0); void display() const; private: int x, y; }; A::A(int x0, int y0): x{x0}, y{y0} { } void A::display() const { std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n'; } // 类B的定义 class B { public: B(double x0, double y0); void display() const; private: double x, y; }; B::B(double x0, double y0): x{x0}, y{y0} { } void B::display() const { std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n'; } void test() { std::cout << "测试类A: " << '\n'; A a(3, 4); a.display(); std::cout << "\n测试类B: " << '\n'; B b(3.2, 5.6); b.display(); } int main() { test(); }
#include <iostream> #include <string> // 定义类模板 template<typename T> class X{ public: X(T x0, T y0); void display(); private: T x, y; }; template<typename T> X<T>::X(T x0, T y0): x{x0}, y{y0} { } template<typename T> void X<T>::display() { std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n'; } void test() { std::cout << "测试1: 用int实例化类模板X" << '\n'; X<int> x1(3, 4); x1.display(); std::cout << "\n测试2:用double实例化类模板X" << '\n'; X<double> x2(3.2, 5.6); x2.display(); std::cout << "\n测试3: 用string实例化类模板X" << '\n'; X<std::string> x3("hello", "oop"); x3.display(); } int main() { test(); }
###2.运行测试截图


##任务4
###1.源代码
补:std::make_unique 是 C++14 标准 才引入的智能指针创建函数,c++11版本的编译器会报错,故这里把编译器改成c++14版本



#pragma once #include <iostream> #include <string> class MachinePet{ private: std::string nickname; public: MachinePet(const std::string &name):nickname(name){ } std::string get_nickname()const{return nickname; } virtual std::string talk()const = 0; virtual ~MachinePet()=default; }; class PetCat:public MachinePet{ public: PetCat(const std::string &name):MachinePet::MachinePet(name){ } std::string talk()const override; }; std::string PetCat::talk() const{ return "miao wu~"; } class PetDog:public MachinePet{ public: PetDog(const std::string &name):MachinePet::MachinePet(name){ } std::string talk()const override; }; std::string PetDog::talk() const{ return "wang wang~"; }
#include <iostream> #include <memory> #include <vector> #include "pet.hpp" void test1() { std::vector<MachinePet *> pets; pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku")); pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang")); for(MachinePet *ptr: pets) { std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n'; delete ptr; // 须手动释放资源 } } void test2() { std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets; pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku")); pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang")); for(auto const &ptr: pets) std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n'; } void test3() { // MachinePet pet("little cutie"); // 编译报错:无法定义抽象类对象 const PetCat cat("miku"); std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n'; const PetDog dog("da huang"); std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n'; } int main() { std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n"; test2(); std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n"; test3(); }
###2.运行测试截图

##任务5
###1.源代码
#pragma once #include <string> #include <iostream> template<typename T> class Complex{ private: T real; T imag; public: Complex(T _real=0,T _imag=0):real(_real),imag(_imag){ }; Complex(const Complex& other){ real=other.real; imag=other.imag; } T get_real()const{return real; } T get_imag()const{return imag; } Complex operator+=(const Complex& other){ real=real+other.real; imag=imag+other.imag; return *this; } bool operator==(const Complex<T>& rhs) const { return (real == rhs.real) && (imag == rhs.imag); } public: friend Complex operator+(const Complex& a,const Complex& b){ return Complex(a.real+b.real,a.imag+b.imag);} friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out,const Complex &c){ if (c.imag >= 0) { out << c.real << "+" << c.imag << "i"; } else { out << c.real << c.imag << "i"; } return out; } friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &in,Complex &c){ in >> c.real >> c.imag; return in; } };
#include <iostream> #include "Complex.hpp" void test1() { using std::cout; using std::boolalpha; Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1); cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n'; cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n'; c1 += c2; cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n'; } void test2() { using std::cin; using std::cout; Complex<double> c1, c2; cout << "Enter c1 and c2: "; cin >> c1 >> c2; cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n'; cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n'; const Complex<double> c3(c1); cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n'; cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n'; } int main() { std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n"; test1(); std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n"; test2(); }
###2.运行测试截图



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