试验5 多态

##任务1

###1.源代码

#pragma once

#include <string>

// 发行/出版物类:Publisher (抽象类)
class Publisher {
public:
    Publisher(const std::string &name_ = "");            // 构造函数
    virtual ~Publisher() = default;

public:
    virtual void publish() const = 0;                 // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
    virtual void use() const = 0;                     // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承

protected:
    std::string name;    // 发行/出版物名称
};

// 图书类: Book
class Book: public Publisher {
public:
    Book(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &author_ = "");  // 构造函数

public:
    void publish() const override;        // 接口
    void use() const override;            // 接口

private:
    std::string author;          // 作者
};

// 电影类: Film
class Film: public Publisher {
public:
    Film(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &director_ = "");   // 构造函数

public:
    void publish() const override;    // 接口
    void use() const override;        // 接口            

private:
    std::string director;        // 导演
};


// 音乐类:Music
class Music: public Publisher {
public:
    Music(const std::string &name_ = "", const std::string &artist_ = "");

public:
    void publish() const override;        // 接口
    void use() const override;            // 接口

private:
    std::string artist;      // 音乐艺术家名称
};
publisher.hpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "publisher.hpp"

// Publisher类:实现
Publisher::Publisher(const std::string &name_): name {name_} {
}


// Book类: 实现
Book::Book(const std::string &name_ , const std::string &author_ ): Publisher{name_}, author{author_} {
}

void Book::publish() const {
    std::cout << "Publishing book《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}

void Book::use() const {
    std::cout << "Reading book 《" << name << "》 by " << author << '\n';
}


// Film类:实现
Film::Film(const std::string &name_, const std::string &director_):Publisher{name_},director{director_} {
}

void Film::publish() const {
    std::cout << "Publishing film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}

void Film::use() const {
    std::cout << "Watching film <" << name << "> directed by " << director << '\n';
}


// Music类:实现
Music::Music(const std::string &name_, const std::string &artist_): Publisher{name_}, artist{artist_} {
}

void Music::publish() const {
    std::cout << "Publishing music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}

void Music::use() const {
    std::cout << "Listening to music <" << name << "> by " << artist << '\n';
}
publisher.cpp
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include "publisher.hpp"

void test1() {
   std::vector<Publisher *> v;

   v.push_back(new Book("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
   v.push_back(new Film("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
   v.push_back(new Music("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));

   for(Publisher *ptr: v) {
        ptr->publish();
        ptr->use();
        std::cout << '\n';
        delete ptr;
   }
}
/*
void test2() {
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Publisher>> v;

    v.push_back(std::make_unique<Book>("Harry Potter", "J.K. Rowling"));
    v.push_back(std::make_unique<Film>("The Godfather", "Francis Ford Coppola"));
    v.push_back(std::make_unique<Music>("Blowing in the wind", "Bob Dylan"));

    for(const auto &ptr: v) {
        ptr->publish();
        ptr->use();
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
}
*/
void test3() {
    Book book("A Philosophy of Software Design", "John Ousterhout");
    book.publish();
    book.use();
}

int main() {
    std::cout << "运行时多态:纯虚函数、抽象类\n";

    std::cout << "\n测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
    test1();

    //std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
    //test2();

    std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
    test3();
}
task1.cpp

 

###2.编译测试截图

image

 

 

###3.回答问题:

问题1:抽象类机制
(1)是什么决定了 Publisher 是抽象类?用一句话说明,并指出代码中的具体依据。

 答:c++中,至少包含一个纯虚函数的类叫做抽象类。publisher类定义中有三处依据如下

public:
virtual void publish() const = 0; // 纯虚函数,作为接口继承
virtual void use() const = 0;

virtual ~Publisher() = default;


(2)如果在 main.cpp 里直接写 Publisher p; 能否编译通过?为什么?

答:不可以,因为publisher是抽象类,不可以实例化该类的对象。因为纯虚函数并没有具体的函数实现逻辑代码,只能通过&引用或者指针指向。

 

 

问题2:纯虚函数与接口继承
(1) Book 、 Film 、 Music 必须实现哪两个函数才能通过编译?请写出其完整函数声明。

  答:必须重写纯虚函数,即publish(),use()两个方法

    void publish() const override;

    void use() const override

(2) 在 publisher.cpp 的 Film 类实现中,把两个成员函数实现里的 const 去掉(保持函数体不变),重新
编译,报错信息是什么?

  答:截图如下

image

 

    报错信息:Film::publish()和Film::user()函数虽然用override声明是基类虚函数的重写函数,但实际上并不是重写函数,矛盾冲突。

         虚函数的重写函数参数列表,是否带const关键字,返回值应当与基类声明时的虚函数一致。

         这里删掉cosnt关键字之后与基类虚函数不一致,会视作派生类中与虚函数同名的新函数而隐藏基类的函数。

 

问题3:运行时多态与虚析构
(1)在 test1() 里, for (Publisher *ptr : v) 中 ptr 的声明类型是什么?

  答:基类publisher的类指针变量
(2)当循环执行到 ptr->publish(); 时, ptr 实际指向的对象类型分别有哪些?(按循环顺序写出)

  答:Book,Film,Music对象

(3)基类 Publisher 的析构函数为何声明为 virtual ?若删除 virtual ,执行 delete ptr; 会出现什么
问题?

   答:如果删除,那么基类指针指向派生类后,编译器只能看见基类指针的析构函数,并调用                    而不会调用派生类对象的析构函数,这就导致只有基类部分的类成员被删除,而派生类                   新增数据占用的内存没有被释放,造成内存泄漏

 

##task4要求所有代码写到一个文件中

 

 

##任务2

###1.源代码

#pragma once
#include <string>

// 图书描述信息类Book: 声明
class Book {
public:
    Book(const std::string &name_, 
         const std::string &author_, 
         const std::string &translator_, 
         const std::string &isbn_, 
         double price_);

    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book);

private:
    std::string name;        // 书名
    std::string author;      // 作者
    std::string translator;  // 译者
    std::string isbn;        // isbn号
    double price;        // 定价
};
book.hpp

 

#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "book.hpp"


// 图书描述信息类Book: 实现
Book::Book(const std::string &name_, 
          const std::string &author_, 
          const std::string &translator_, 
          const std::string &isbn_, 
          double price_):name{name_}, author{author_}, translator{translator_}, isbn{isbn_}, price{price_} {
}

// 运算符<<重载实现
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book) {
    using std::left;
    using std::setw;
    
    out << left;
    out << setw(15) << "书名:" << book.name << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "作者:" << book.author << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "译者:" << book.translator << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "ISBN:" << book.isbn << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "定价:" << book.price;

    return out;
}
book.cpp
#pragma once

#include <string>
#include "book.hpp"

// 图书销售记录类BookSales:声明
class BookSale {
public:
    BookSale(const Book &rb_, double sales_price_, int sales_amount_);
    int get_amount() const;   // 返回销售数量
    double get_revenue() const;   // 返回营收
    
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item);

private:
    Book rb;         
    double sales_price;      // 售价
    int sales_amount;       // 销售数量
};
booksale.hpp
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include "booksale.hpp"

// 图书销售记录类BookSales:实现
BookSale::BookSale(const Book &rb_, 
                   double sales_price_, 
                   int sales_amount_): rb{rb_}, sales_price{sales_price_}, sales_amount{sales_amount_} {
}

int BookSale::get_amount() const {
    return sales_amount;
}

double BookSale::get_revenue() const {
    return sales_amount * sales_price;
}

// 运算符<<重载实现
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) {
    using std::left;
    using std::setw;
    
    out << left;
    out << item.rb << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "售价:" << item.sales_price << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "销售数量:" << item.sales_amount << '\n'
        << setw(15) << "营收:" << item.get_revenue();

    return out;
}
booksale.cpp
#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "booksale.hpp"

// 按图书销售数量比较
bool compare_by_amount(const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) {
    return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount();
}

void test() {
    using std::cin;
    using std::cout;
    using std::getline;
    using std::sort;
    using std::string;
    using std::vector;
    using std::ws;

    vector<BookSale> sales_records;         // 图书销售记录表

    int books_number;
    cout << "录入图书数量: ";
    cin >> books_number;

    cout << "录入图书销售记录\n";
    for(int i = 0; i < books_number; ++i) {
        string name, author, translator, isbn;
        double price;
        cout << string(20, '-') << "" << i+1 << "本图书信息录入" << string(20, '-') << '\n';
        cout << "录入书名: "; getline(cin>>ws, name);
        cout << "录入作者: "; getline(cin>>ws, author);
        cout << "录入译者: "; getline(cin>>ws, translator);
        cout << "录入isbn: "; getline(cin>>ws, isbn);
        cout << "录入定价: "; cin >> price;

        Book book(name, author, translator, isbn, price);

        double sales_price;
        int sales_amount;

        cout << "录入售价: "; cin >> sales_price;
        cout << "录入销售数量: "; cin >> sales_amount;

        BookSale record(book, sales_price, sales_amount);
        sales_records.push_back(record);
    }

    // 按销售册数排序
    sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount);

    // 按销售册数降序输出图书销售信息
    cout << string(20, '=') <<  "图书销售统计" << string(20, '=') << '\n';
    for(auto &record: sales_records) {
        cout << record << '\n';
        cout << string(40, '-') << '\n';
    }
}

int main() {
    test();
}
task2.cpp

###2.运行测试截图

image

 

###3.回答问题:

问题1:重载运算符<<
(1)找出运算符 << 被重载了几处?分别用于什么类型?

  答:两处

    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const BookSale &item) 

              用于输出BookSale类的对象

    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out, const Book &book)

               用于输出Book类的对象
(2)找出使用重载 << 输出对象的代码,写在下面。

  答:for(auto &record: sales_records)

       cout << record << '\n';

    sales_records是booksale类对象容器,此处调用了booksale类对<<运算符重载

     out << item.rb << '\n'

    rb是booksale类对象的属性,属于book类,此处调用了book类对的<<运算符重载

问题2:图书销售统计
(1)图书销售记录"按销售数量降序排序",代码是如何实现的?

  答:sort(sales_records.begin(), sales_records.end(), compare_by_amount);

    调用标准库的sort函数,前两个参数表示排序范围,排序范围是[sale_records.begin,sales_records.end),第三个参数为比较函数,这里是自定义比较函数,指定排序方式为销售数量的降序
(2)拓展(选答*):如果使用lambda表达式,如何实现"按销售数量降序排序"?

  答:

    sort(sales_lst.begin(), sales_lst.end(),
    [](const BookSale &x1, const BookSale &x2) {
    return x1.get_amount() > x2.get_amount(); 
    }
    );

    直接把排序表达式内嵌到第三个参数中,[]为需要用到的外部变量(此处为空)

 ##任务3

###1.源代码

#include <iostream>

// 类A的定义
class A {
public:
    A(int x0, int y0);
    void display() const;

private:
    int x, y;
};

A::A(int x0, int y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

void A::display() const {
    std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n';
}

// 类B的定义
class B {
public:
    B(double x0, double y0);
    void display() const;

private:
    double x, y;
};

B::B(double x0, double y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

void B::display() const {
    std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n';
}

void test() {
    std::cout << "测试类A: " << '\n';
    A a(3, 4);
    a.display();

    std::cout << "\n测试类B: " << '\n';
    B b(3.2, 5.6);
    b.display();
}

int main() {
    test();
}
task3_1.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// 定义类模板
template<typename T>
class X{
public:
    X(T x0, T y0);
    void display();

private:
    T x, y;
};

template<typename T>
X<T>::X(T x0, T y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

template<typename T>
void X<T>::display() {
    std::cout << x << ", " << y << '\n';
}


void test() {
    std::cout << "测试1: 用int实例化类模板X" << '\n';
    X<int> x1(3, 4);
    x1.display();

    std::cout << "\n测试2:用double实例化类模板X" << '\n';
    X<double> x2(3.2, 5.6);
    x2.display();

    std::cout << "\n测试3: 用string实例化类模板X" << '\n';
    X<std::string> x3("hello", "oop");
    x3.display();
}

int main() {
    test();
}
task3_2.cpp

 

###2.运行测试截图

image

 

image

 

##任务4

###1.源代码

补:std::make_unique 是 C++14 标准 才引入的智能指针创建函数,c++11版本的编译器会报错,故这里把编译器改成c++14版本

image

 

image

 

image

#pragma once

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class MachinePet{
    private:
        std::string nickname;
    public:
        MachinePet(const std::string &name):nickname(name){
        }
        std::string get_nickname()const{return nickname;
        }
        virtual std::string talk()const = 0;
        virtual ~MachinePet()=default;
        
};

class PetCat:public MachinePet{
    public:
        PetCat(const std::string &name):MachinePet::MachinePet(name){
        }
        std::string talk()const override;
};

std::string PetCat::talk() const{
    return "miao wu~";
}

class PetDog:public MachinePet{
    public:
        PetDog(const std::string &name):MachinePet::MachinePet(name){
        }
        std::string talk()const override;
};

std::string PetDog::talk() const{
    return "wang wang~";
}
pet.hpp
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>

#include "pet.hpp"

void test1() {
    std::vector<MachinePet *> pets;

    pets.push_back(new PetCat("miku"));
    pets.push_back(new PetDog("da huang"));

    for(MachinePet *ptr: pets) {
        std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
        delete ptr;  // 须手动释放资源
    }   
}

void test2() {
    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MachinePet>> pets;

    pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetCat>("miku"));
    pets.push_back(std::make_unique<PetDog>("da huang"));

    for(auto const &ptr: pets)
        std::cout << ptr->get_nickname() << " says " << ptr->talk() << '\n';
}

void test3() {
    // MachinePet pet("little cutie");   // 编译报错:无法定义抽象类对象

    const PetCat cat("miku");
    std::cout << cat.get_nickname() << " says " << cat.talk() << '\n';

    const PetDog dog("da huang");
    std::cout << dog.get_nickname() << " says " << dog.talk() << '\n';
}

int main() {
    std::cout << "测试1: 使用原始指针\n";
    test1();

    std::cout << "\n测试2: 使用智能指针\n";
    test2();

    std::cout << "\n测试3: 直接使用类\n";
    test3();
}
task4.cpp

 

###2.运行测试截图

image

 

##任务5

###1.源代码

#pragma once 
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

template<typename T>
class Complex{
    private:
        T real;
        T imag;
        
    public:
        Complex(T _real=0,T _imag=0):real(_real),imag(_imag){
        };
        Complex(const Complex& other){
            real=other.real;
            imag=other.imag;
        }
        T get_real()const{return real;
        }
        T get_imag()const{return imag;
        }
        Complex operator+=(const Complex& other){
            real=real+other.real;
            imag=imag+other.imag;
            return *this;
        }
        bool operator==(const Complex<T>& rhs) const {
            return (real == rhs.real) && (imag == rhs.imag);
        }
    
        
    public:
        friend Complex operator+(const Complex& a,const Complex& b){
            return Complex(a.real+b.real,a.imag+b.imag);}
        
        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream &out,const Complex &c){
            if (c.imag >= 0) {
                out << c.real << "+" << c.imag << "i";
            } else {
                out << c.real << c.imag << "i";
            }
            return out;
        }
        
        friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream &in,Complex &c){
            in >> c.real >> c.imag;
            return in;
        }
};
Complex.hpp
#include <iostream>
#include "Complex.hpp"

void test1() {
    using std::cout;
    using std::boolalpha;
    
    Complex<int> c1(2, -5), c2(c1);

    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
    cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';
    cout << "c1 + c2 = " << c1 + c2 << '\n';
    
    c1 += c2;
    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
    cout << boolalpha << (c1 == c2) << '\n';
}

void test2() {
    using std::cin;
    using std::cout;

    Complex<double> c1, c2;
    cout << "Enter c1 and c2: ";
    cin >> c1 >> c2;
    cout << "c1 = " << c1 << '\n';
    cout << "c2 = " << c2 << '\n';

    const Complex<double> c3(c1);
    cout << "c3.real = " << c3.get_real() << '\n';
    cout << "c3.imag = " << c3.get_imag() << '\n';
}

int main() {
    std::cout << "自定义类模板Complex测试1: \n";
    test1();

    std::cout << "\n自定义类模板Complex测试2: \n";
    test2();
}
task5.cpp

 

###2.运行测试截图

 

image

 

posted @ 2025-12-14 17:30  knight-k3  阅读(2)  评论(0)    收藏  举报