import requests
import json
# 1. 基本的请求
'''
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 不带参数
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数
各种方法:
requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’) # GET请求
requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”) # POST请求
requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”) # PUT请求
requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”) # DELETE请求
requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”) # HEAD请求
requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” ) # OPTIONS请求
'''
# 2. 为 url 传递参数
url_params = {'key': 'value'}
r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/', params=url_params)
print(r.url) # https://www.baidu.com/?key=value
# 3. 响应的内容
'''
r.encoding # 获取当前的编码
r.encoding = 'utf-8' # 设置编码
r.text # 以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体,会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。
r.content # 以字节形式(二进制)返回。字节方式的响应体,会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。
r.headers # 以字典对象存储服务器响应头,但是这个字典比较特殊,字典键不区分大小写,若键不存在则返回None
r.status_code # 响应状态码
r.raw # 返回原始响应体,也就是 urllib 的 response 对象,使用 r.raw.read()
r.ok # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功
r.json() # Requests中内置的JSON解码器,以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的,不然解析出错会抛异常
r.raise_for_status() # 失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常
'''
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'}))
print(r.encoding) # utf-8
print(r.text) # {"message":"Not Found","documentation_url":"https://docs.github.com/rest"}
print(r.content) # b'{"message":"Not Found","documentation_url":"https://docs.github.com/rest"}'
print(r.json()) # {'message': 'Not Found', 'documentation_url': 'https://docs.github.com/rest'}
print(r.ok) # False
print(r.status_code) # 404
# 4. 定制头和cookie信息
'''
header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'}
r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)
'''
data = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text) # {"message":"Not Found","documentation_url":"https://docs.github.com/rest"}
# 5. 响应状态码
'''
使用requests方法后,会返回一个response对象,其存储了服务器响应的内容,如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例:当你访问 r.text 之时,会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码,并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。
r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org')
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
r.encoding = 'GBK'
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
'''
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求
print(r1.url) # https://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python
print(r1.text) # 网页架构
print(r1.cookies) # <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BAIDUID=742D824EDFE46BFDCB825A43F60DD574:FG=1 for .baidu.com/>]>
# 6. 响应
'''
r.headers #返回字典类型,头信息
r.requests.headers #返回发送到服务器的头信息
r.cookies #返回cookie
r.history #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向
{'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'。。。}
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.24.0', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BAIDUID=24B4BF912AEBE0F59B090535D1E7A4ED:FG=1 for .baidu.com/>]>
[<Response [301]>]
'''
# 7. 超时
r = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}, timeout=1) # 设置秒数超时,仅对于连接有效
# 8. 会话对象,能够跨请求保持某些参数
'''
s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('auth','passwd')
s.headers = {'key':'value'}
r = s.get('url')
r1 = s.get('url1')
'''
# 9. 代理
'''
proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)
如果代理需要用户名和密码,则需要这样:
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}
'''
proxies = {
"http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
"https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)
# 10. request 请求
'''
10.1 不带参数:
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print(ret.url) # https://github.com/timeline.json
print(ret.text) # {"message":"Hello there, wayfaring stranger. If you’re...
10.2 带参数
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(ret.url) # http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2
print(ret.text)
{
"args": {
"key1": "value1",
"key2": "value2"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.24.0",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-606c0365-27d2b73c3a50bf4638d8591e"
},
"origin": "113.140.16.114",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/get?key1=value1&key2=value2"
}
'''
# 11. POST请求
'''
# 11.1 基本POST实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
{
"args": {},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {
"key1": "value1",
"key2": "value2"
},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Content-Length": "23",
"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.24.0",
"X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-606c04af-7a7961387416da906c15c57c"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "113.140.16.114",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
# 11.2 发送请求头和数据实例
import requests
import json
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)
{"message":"Not Found","documentation_url":"https://docs.github.com/rest"}
<RequestsCookieJar[]>
11.3 参数示例
不带参数
def param_method_url():
# requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
# requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
pass
带参数
def param_param():
# - 可以是字典
# - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字节(ascii编码以内)
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
# 错误
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
pass
参数类型
def param_data():
# 可以是字典
# 可以是字符串
# 可以是字节
# 可以是文件对象
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是:k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
pass
def param_json():
# 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串,json.dumps(...)
# 然后发送到服务器端的body中,并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
def param_headers():
# 发送请求头到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
)
def param_cookies():
# 发送Cookie到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
)
# 也可以使用CookieJar(字典形式就是在此基础上封装)
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
from http.cookiejar import Cookie
obj = CookieJar()
obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
)
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies=obj)
def param_files():
# 发送文件
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件,定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件,定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件,定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
pass
def param_auth():
# 密码认证
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
# auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
# ret.encoding = 'gbk'
# print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
# print(ret)
def param_timeout():
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
# print(ret)
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
# print(ret)
pass
def param_allow_redirects():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
print(ret.text)
def param_proxies():
# proxies = {
# "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
# "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
# }
# proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
# ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
# print(ret.headers)
# from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
#
# proxyDict = {
# 'http': '77.75.105.165',
# 'https': '77.75.105.165'
# }
# auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
#
# r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
# print(r.text)
pass
def param_stream():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
print(ret.content)
ret.close()
# from contextlib import closing
# with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
# # 在此处理响应。
# for i in r.iter_content():
# print(i)
def requests_session():
import requests
session = requests.Session()
### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxxxxx",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
)
print(i3.text)
'''
# 12 json请求
'''
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json
if __name__ == '__main__':
heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
payload = {'CountryName': '中国',
'ProvinceName': '四川省',
'L1CityName': 'chengdu',
'L2CityName': 'yibing',
'TownName': '',
'Longitude': '107.33393',
'Latitude': '33.157131',
'Language': 'CN'}
r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
data = r.json()
if r.status_code != 200:
print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code))
print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID']) # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack'])
print(
json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False)) # 树形打印json,ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode
'''
# 13. Xml请求
'''
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':
heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
XML = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns...>'
url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
data = r.text
print(data)
'''
# 14. 状态异常处理
'''
import requests
URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php' # 淘宝IP地址库API
try:
r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
r.raise_for_status() # 如果响应状态码不是 200,就主动抛出异常
except requests.RequestException as e:
print(e)
else:
result = r.json()
print(type(result), result, sep='\n')
'''
# 15. 上传文件
'''
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
# files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #显式的设置文件名
# 把字符串当成文件上传
# files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')} #必需显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)
'''
# 16. 身份验证
'''
import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))
# r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd')) # 简写
print(r.json()) # {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
# 另外一种
# requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
'''
# 17. Cookies与会话对象
'''
import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(r.cookies) # <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
print(r.cookies['BDORZ']) # 27315
print(tuple(r.cookies)) # (Cookie(version=0, name='BDORZ', value='27315'...
要想发送你的cookies到服务器,可以使用 cookies 参数:
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@,冒号,分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())
'''
# 18. requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例
'''
import requests
# requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例
html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
f.write(html.text)
# 读取一个txt文件,每次读取一行,并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例
ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
ff.write(line)
ff.close()
'''
# 19. 自动登录示例1:
'''
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def login_github():
# 通过requests模块模拟浏览器登陆GitHub
# 获取csrf_token
r1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login') # 获得get请求的对象
s1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text, 'html.parser') # 使用bs4解析HTML对象
token = s1.find('input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'}).get('value') # 获取登陆授权码,即csrf_token
get_cookies = r1.cookies.get_dict() # 获取get请求的cookies,post请求时必须携带
# 发送post登陆请求
r2 = requests.post(
'https://github.com/session',
data={
'commit': 'Sign+in',
'utf8': '✓',
'authenticity_token': token,
'login': 'JackUpDown',
'password': '**********'
},
cookies=get_cookies # 携带get请求的cookies
)
login_cookies = r2.cookies.get_dict() # 获得登陆成功的cookies,携带此cookies就可以访问任意GitHub页面
# 携带post cookies跳转任意页面
r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails', cookies=login_cookies)
print(r3.text)
if __name__ == '__main__':
login_github()
'''
# 20. 自动登录示例2:
# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# ## 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxooxxoo",
'oneMonth': ""
},
cookies=i1_cookies
)
# ## 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可)
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)
print(i3.text)
"""
# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxooxxoo",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)
"""
# 21. 自动登录示例3:知乎
import time
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
)
soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')
current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
})
with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
f.write(i2.content)
captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件,查看并输入验证码:')
form_data = {
"_xsrf": xsrf,
'password': 'xxooxxoo',
"captcha": 'captcha',
'email': '424662508@qq.com'
}
i3 = session.post(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
data=form_data,
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
)
i4 = session.get(
url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
headers={
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
}
)
soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span', class_='name').string
print(nick_name)
# 22 自动登录4 博客园
import re
import json
import base64
import rsa
import requests
def js_encrypt(text):
b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)
pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
value = value.decode('utf8')
return value
session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)
form_data = {
'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
'remember': False
}
i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
data=json.dumps(form_data),
headers={
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
'VerificationToken': verification_token}
)
i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')
print(i3.text)