线程、任务和同步学习笔记（五）

1、如果两个或多个线程访问相同的对象，或者访问不同步的共享状态，会出现争用条件。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Text;
 3 using System.Threading;
 4 
 5 class Outputer
 6 {
 7     public void Output(string msg)
 8     {
 9         for (int i = 0; i < msg.Length; i++)
10         {
11             Console.Write(msg[i]);
12         }
13         Console.WriteLine();
14     }
15 }
16 
17 class Program
18 {
19     static void Main(string[] args)
20     {
21         Outputer outputer = new Outputer();
22         object locker = new object();
23         StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();
24         for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
25         {
26             str.Append(((char)('A' + i)).ToString());
27         }
28         new Thread((msg) =>
29         {
30             while (true)
31             {
32                 outputer.Output(msg.ToString());
33             }
34         }).Start(str.ToString());
35         new Thread(() =>
36         {
37             while (true)
38             {
39                 outputer.Output("1234567890");
40             }
41         }).Start();
42     }
43 }

运行结果：

2、要避免该问题，可以使用lock语句锁定共享的对象。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Text;
 3 using System.Threading;
 4 
 5 class Outputer
 6 {
 7     public void Output(string msg)
 8     {
 9         for (int i = 0; i < msg.Length; i++)
10         {
11             Console.Write(msg[i]);
12         }
13         Console.WriteLine();
14     }
15 }
16 
17 class Program
18 {
19     static void Main(string[] args)
20     {
21         Outputer outputer = new Outputer();
22         object locker = new object();
23         StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();
24         for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
25         {
26             str.Append(((char)('A' + i)).ToString());
27         }
28         new Thread((msg) =>
29         {
30             while (true)
31             {
32                 lock (locker)
33                 {
34                     outputer.Output(msg.ToString());
35                 }
36             }
37         }).Start(str.ToString());
38         new Thread(() =>
39         {
40             while (true)
41             {
42                 lock (locker)
43                 {
44                     outputer.Output("1234567890");
45                 }
46             }
47         }).Start();
48     }
49 }

运行结果：

3、也可以将共享对象设置为线程安全的对象。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Text;
 3 using System.Threading;
 4 
 5 class Outputer
 6 {
 7     public void Output(string msg)
 8     {
 9         lock (this)
10         {
11             for (int i = 0; i < msg.Length; i++)
12             {
13                 Console.Write(msg[i]);
14             }
15             Console.WriteLine();
16         }
17     }
18 }
19 
20 class Program
21 {
22     static void Main(string[] args)
23     {
24         Outputer outputer = new Outputer();
25         object locker = new object();
26         StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();
27         for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
28         {
29             str.Append(((char)('A' + i)).ToString());
30         }
31         new Thread((msg) =>
32         {
33             while (true)
34             {
35                 outputer.Output(msg.ToString());
36             }
37         }).Start(str.ToString());
38         new Thread(() =>
39         {
40             while (true)
41             {
42                 outputer.Output("1234567890");
43             }
44         }).Start();
45     }
46 }

4、过多的锁定会造成死锁。所谓死锁即是至少有两个线程被挂起，互相等待对方解锁，以至于线程无限等待下去。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading;
 3 
 4 class DeadLocker
 5 {
 6     object locker1 = new object();
 7     object locker2 = new object();
 8 
 9     public void Method1()
10     {
11         while (true)
12         {
13             lock (locker1)
14             {
15                 lock (locker2)
16                 {
17                     Console.WriteLine("First lock1, and then lock2");
18                 }
19             }
20         }
21     }
22 
23     public void Method2()
24     {
25         while (true)
26         {
27             lock (locker2)
28             {
29                 lock (locker1)
30                 {
31                     Console.WriteLine("First lock2, and then lock1");
32                 }
33             }
34         }
35     }
36 }
37 
38 class Program
39 {
40     static void Main(string[] args)
41     {
42         DeadLocker dl = new DeadLocker();
43         new Thread(dl.Method1).Start();
44         new Thread(dl.Method2).Start();
45     }
46 }

运行结果：

5、同步问题和争用条件以及死锁相关，要避免同步问题，最好就不要在线程之间共享数据。如果要共享数据就必须使用同步技术，确保一次只有一个线程访问和改变共享状态。在C#中，lock语句是设置锁定和解除锁定的一种简单方式。编译器将其编译为IL后，会被编译成了调用Monitor类的Enter和Exit方法。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading;
 3 
 4 class Program
 5 {
 6     static void Main(string[] args)
 7     {
 8     }
 9 
10     void Method()
11     {
12         lock (typeof(Program))
13         {
14         }
15     }
16 }

编译结果：

6、争用条件的另一个例子。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading;
 3 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 4 
 5 class SharedState
 6 {
 7     public int State { get; set; }
 8 }
 9 
10 class Worker
11 {
12     SharedState state;
13 
14     public Worker(SharedState state)
15     {
16         this.state = state;
17     }
18 
19     public void DoJob()
20     {
21         for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++)
22         {
23             state.State += 1;
24         }
25     }
26 }
27 
28 class Program
29 {
30     static void Main(string[] args)
31     {
32         int numTasks = 20;
33         var state = new SharedState();
34         var tasks = new Task[numTasks];
35         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
36         {
37             tasks[i] = new Task(new Worker(state).DoJob);
38             tasks[i].Start();
39         }
40         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
41         {
42             tasks[i].Wait(); //使20个任务全部处于等待状态，直到所有任务都执行完毕为止
43         }
44         Console.WriteLine("Summarized {0}", state.State);
45     }
46 }

运行结果：

从上面结果看出，20个任务分别对共享的数据累加后，打印其结果。每个任务执行500次，共20个任务，理想的结果是10000，但是事实并非如此。事实是每次运行的结果都不同，且没有一个结果是正确的。使用lock语句时要注意的是传递的锁对象必须是引用对象，若对值对象使用lock语句，C#编译器会报错。

7、将上述代码改写为如下的SyncRoot模式，但是不能打印输出理想结果的10000。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading;
 3 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 4 
 5 class SharedState
 6 {
 7     public int State { get; set; }
 8 }
 9 
10 class Worker
11 {
12     SharedState state;
13 
14     public Worker()
15     {
16         this.state = new SharedState();    
17     }
18 
19     public Worker(SharedState state)
20     {
21         this.state = state;
22     }
23 
24     public static Worker Synchronized(Worker worker)
25     {
26         if (!worker.IsSynchronized)
27         {
28             return new SynchronizedWorker(worker);
29         }
30         return worker;
31     }
32 
33     public virtual void DoJob()
34     {
35         for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++)
36         {
37             state.State += 1;
38         }
39     }
40 
41     public virtual bool IsSynchronized
42     {
43         get { return false; }
44     }
45 
46     private class SynchronizedWorker : Worker
47     {
48         object locker = new object();
49         Worker worker;
50 
51         public SynchronizedWorker(Worker worker)
52         {
53             this.worker = worker;
54         }
55 
56         public override bool IsSynchronized
57         {
58             get { return true; }
59         }
60 
61         public override void DoJob()
62         {
63             lock (locker)
64             {
65                 worker.DoJob();
66             }
67         }
68     }
69 }
70 
71 class Program
72 {
73     static void Main(string[] args)
74     {
75         int numTasks = 20;
76         var state = new SharedState();
77         var tasks = new Task[numTasks];
78         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
79         {
80             Worker worker = Worker.Synchronized(new Worker(state));
81             tasks[i] = new Task(worker.DoJob);
82             tasks[i].Start();
83         }
84         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
85         {
86             tasks[i].Wait(); //使20个任务全部处于等待状态，直到所有任务都执行完毕为止
87         }
88         Console.WriteLine("Summarized {0}", state.State);
89     }
90 }

将SharedState类也改写为SyncRoot模式，还是不行，不明白原因。

 1 class SharedState
 2 {
 3     object locker = new object();
 4 
 5     int state;
 6 
 7     public int State
 8     {
 9         get
10         {
11             lock (locker)
12             {
13                 return this.state;
14             }
15         }
16         set
17         {
18             lock (locker)
19             {
20                 this.state = value;
21             }
22         }
23     }
24 }

最简单且可靠的办法是在DoJob方法中，将lock语句添加到合适的地方。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading;
 3 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 4 
 5 class SharedState
 6 {
 7     public int State { get; set; }
 8 }
 9 
10 class Worker
11 {
12     SharedState state;
13 
14     public Worker(SharedState state)
15     {
16         this.state = state;
17     }
18 
19     public void DoJob()
20     {
21         for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++)
22         {
23             // 最简单可靠的办法是在适合的地方添加lock语句
24             lock (state)
25             {
26                 state.State += 1;
27             }
28         }
29     }
30 }
31 
32 class Program
33 {
34     static void Main(string[] args)
35     {
36         int numTasks = 20;
37         var state = new SharedState();
38         var tasks = new Task[numTasks];
39         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
40         {
41             tasks[i] = new Task(new Worker(state).DoJob);
42             tasks[i].Start();
43         }
44         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
45         {
46             tasks[i].Wait(); //使20个任务全部处于等待状态，直到所有任务都执行完毕为止
47         }
48         Console.WriteLine("Summarized {0}", state.State);
49     }
50 }

或者也可以如下重写DoJob方法。

 1 public void DoJob()
 2 {
 3     // 最简单可靠的办法是在适合的地方添加lock语句
 4     lock (state)
 5     {
 6         for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++)
 7         {
 8             state.State += 1;
 9         }
10     }
11 }

注意：在一个地方使用lock语句并不意味着，访问对象的其他线程都正在等待。必须对每个访问共享状态的线程显示地使用同步功能。

8、Interlocked类是一个静态类型，用于使简单的语句原子化，例如，i++不是线程安全的，它的操作包括：从内存中获取一个值，给该值递增1，再将它存储回内存。所有这些操作都有可能被线程调试器打断。

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Threading;
 3 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 4 
 5 class SharedState
 6 {
 7     private int state;
 8     public int State
 9     {
10         get { return this.state; }
11         set { this.state = value; }
12     }
13 
14     public void Increment()
15     {
16         Interlocked.Increment(ref state); //替代this.state++;并且是线程安全的
17     }
18 }
19 
20 class Worker
21 {
22     SharedState state;
23 
24     public Worker(SharedState state)
25     {
26         this.state = state;
27     }
28 
29     public void DoJob()
30     {
31         for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++)
32         {
33             state.Increment();
34         }
35     }
36 }
37 
38 class Program
39 {
40     static void Main(string[] args)
41     {
42         int numTasks = 20;
43         var state = new SharedState();
44         var tasks = new Task[numTasks];
45         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
46         {
47             tasks[i] = new Task(new Worker(state).DoJob);
48             tasks[i].Start();
49         }
50         for (int i = 0; i < numTasks; i++)
51         {
52             tasks[i].Wait(); //使20个任务全部处于等待状态，直到所有任务都执行完毕为止
53         }
54         Console.WriteLine("Summarized {0}", state.State);
55     }
56 }

 

posted @ 2016-06-06 13:12  如意猴™  阅读(161)  评论(0)    收藏  举报