大概是网络问题
需要在容器内设置代理

解决:
bash用

proxy=http://127.0.0.1:1080
t="echo 'Acquire::http::Proxy \\\""${proxy}"\\\";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf; echo 'Acquire::https::Proxy \\\""${proxy}"\\\";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf;"
http_proxy="${proxy}" distrobox create --image debian --name debian --pre-init-hooks "${t}"

fish用

set proxy http://127.0.0.1:1080
set t "echo 'Acquire::http::Proxy \\\"$proxy\\\";' > /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf; echo 'Acquire::https::Proxy \\\"$proxy\\\";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/proxy.conf"
http_proxy=$proxy distrobox create --image debian --name debian --pre-init-hooks "$t" --home ~/.distrobox/debian-home

再distrobox enter
提示127.0.0.1:1080是你自己的代理端口

参照 https://github.com/89luca89/distrobox/issues/631