Django-进阶 分页、自定义分页、中间件
Django-进阶
分页
Django的分页器（paginator）
view
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. from app01.models import * from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger def index(request): ''' 批量导入数据: Booklist=[] for i in range(100): Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i)) Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist) ''' ''' 分页器的使用: book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10) print("count:",paginator.count) #数据总数 print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages) #总页数 print("page_range",paginator.page_range) #页码的列表 page1=paginator.page(1) #第1页的page对象 for i in page1: #遍历第1页的所有数据对象 print(i) print(page1.object_list) #第1页的所有数据 page2=paginator.page(2) print(page2.has_next()) #是否有下一页 print(page2.next_page_number()) #下一页的页码 print(page2.has_previous()) #是否有上一页 print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一页的页码 # 抛错 #page=paginator.page(12) # error:EmptyPage #page=paginator.page("z") # error:PageNotAnInteger ''' book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10) page = request.GET.get('page',1) currentPage=int(page) try: print(page) book_list = paginator.page(page) except PageNotAnInteger: book_list = paginator.page(1) except EmptyPage: book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})
index.html:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <h4>分页器</h4> <ul> {% for book in book_list %} <li>{{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <ul class="pagination" id="pager"> {% if book_list.has_previous %} <li class="previous"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.previous_page_number }}">上一页</a></li> {% else %} <li class="previous disabled"><a href="#">上一页</a></li> {% endif %} {% for num in paginator.page_range %} {% if num == currentPage %} <li class="item active"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% else %} <li class="item"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% if book_list.has_next %} <li class="next"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.next_page_number }}">下一页</a></li> {% else %} <li class="next disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li> {% endif %} </ul> </div> </body> </html>
扩展
def index(request): book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15) page = request.GET.get('page',1) currentPage=int(page) # 如果页数十分多时，换另外一种显示方式 if paginator.num_pages>30: if currentPage-5<1: pageRange=range(1,11) elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages: pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1) else: pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5) else: pageRange=paginator.page_range try: print(page) book_list = paginator.page(page) except PageNotAnInteger: book_list = paginator.page(1) except EmptyPage: book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render(request,"index.html",locals())
自定义分页器
""" 分页组件使用示例： obj = Pagination(request.GET.get('page',1),len(USER_LIST),request.path_info) page_user_list = USER_LIST[obj.start:obj.end] page_html = obj.page_html() return render(request,'index.html',{'users':page_user_list,'page_html':page_html}) """ class Pagination(object): def __init__(self,current_page,all_count,base_url,per_page_num=2,pager_count=11): """ 封装分页相关数据 :param current_page: 当前页 :param all_count: 数据库中的数据总条数 :param per_page_num: 每页显示的数据条数 :param base_url: 分页中显示的URL前缀 :param pager_count: 最多显示的页码个数 """ try: current_page = int(current_page) except Exception as e: current_page = 1 if current_page <1: current_page = 1 self.current_page = current_page self.all_count = all_count self.per_page_num = per_page_num self.base_url = base_url # 总页码 all_pager, tmp = divmod(all_count, per_page_num) if tmp: all_pager += 1 self.all_pager = all_pager self.pager_count = pager_count self.pager_count_half = int((pager_count - 1) / 2) @property def start(self): return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page_num @property def end(self): return self.current_page * self.per_page_num def page_html(self): # 如果总页码 < 11个： if self.all_pager <= self.pager_count: pager_start = 1 pager_end = self.all_pager + 1 # 总页码 > 11 else: # 当前页如果<=页面上最多显示11/2个页码 if self.current_page <= self.pager_count_half: pager_start = 1 pager_end = self.pager_count + 1 # 当前页大于5 else: # 页码翻到最后 if (self.current_page + self.pager_count_half) > self.all_pager: pager_end = self.all_pager + 1 pager_start = self.all_pager - self.pager_count + 1 else: pager_start = self.current_page - self.pager_count_half pager_end = self.current_page + self.pager_count_half + 1 page_html_list = [] first_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">首页</a></li>' % (self.base_url,1,) page_html_list.append(first_page) if self.current_page <= 1: prev_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">上一页</a></li>' else: prev_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">上一页</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.current_page - 1,) page_html_list.append(prev_page) for i in range(pager_start, pager_end): if i == self.current_page: temp = '<li class="active"><a href="%s?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,i, i,) else: temp = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,i, i,) page_html_list.append(temp) if self.current_page >= self.all_pager: next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li>' else: next_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">下一页</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.current_page + 1,) page_html_list.append(next_page) last_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">尾页</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.all_pager,) page_html_list.append(last_page) return ''.join(page_html_list)
自定义分页 保存筛选条件 ，基于上面进行的修改
预备知识： QueryDict # request.GET["xxx"]=123 print(type(request.GET)) from django.http.request import QueryDict print(request.GET) import copy params=copy.deepcopy(request.GET) params["xxx"]=123 print("params", params) #将字典转换为url 如：{'page': ['8'], 'c': ['4'], 'g': ['9']} 执行结果为 page=8&c=4&g=9 print(params.urlencode()) # "a=1&b=2&xxx=123" params.urlencode 对url进行保存成url
#!/usr/bin/env python #-*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ 分页组件使用示例： obj = Pagination(request.GET.get('page',1),len(USER_LIST),request.path_info) page_user_list = USER_LIST[obj.start:obj.end] page_html = obj.page_html() return render(request,'index.html',{'users':page_user_list,'page_html':page_html}) """ class Pagination(object): # pagination = Pagination(current_page_num, book_list.count(), request) def __init__(self,current_page_num,all_count,request,per_page_num=10,pager_count=11): """ 封装分页相关数据 :param current_page_num: 当前页 :param all_count: 数据库中的数据总条数 :param per_page_num: 每页显示的数据条数 :param pager_count: 最多显示的页码个数 """ try: current_page_num = int(current_page_num) except Exception as e: current_page_num = 1 if current_page_num <1: current_page_num = 1 self.current_page_num = current_page_num self.all_count = all_count self.per_page_num = per_page_num # 实际总页码 divmod(10,3) 执行结果为 3,1 divmod(10,2) 执行结果为 5,0 all_pager, tmp = divmod(all_count, per_page_num) if tmp: #如果有余数 all_pager += 1 self.all_pager = all_pager self.pager_count = pager_count self.pager_count_half = int((pager_count - 1) / 2) # 保存搜索条件 默认QueryDict 不让进行修改，用深拷贝一份 就可以进行修改了 import copy self.params = copy.deepcopy(request.GET) # {"a":"1","b":"2"} @property def start(self): return (self.current_page_num - 1) * self.per_page_num @property def end(self): return self.current_page_num * self.per_page_num def page_html(self): """ 渲染页面函数 :return: """ # 如果总页码 < 11个：默认参数，可以修改，如果总页数小于这个值 ，就可以显示全部页数 if self.all_pager <= self.pager_count: pager_start = 1 pager_end = self.all_pager + 1 # 总页码 > 11 如果当前页是 10 则左边是 5,6,7,8,9, 中间是10 右边是11,12,13,14,15 else: # 当前页如果<=页面上最多显示11/2个页码 如果当前页小于 11/2则 左边5页全部显示 if self.current_page_num <= self.pager_count_half: pager_start = 1 pager_end = self.pager_count + 1 # 当前页大于5 else: # 页码翻到最后 if (self.current_page_num + self.pager_count_half) > self.all_pager: pager_end = self.all_pager + 1 pager_start = self.all_pager - self.pager_count + 1 else: pager_start = self.current_page_num - self.pager_count_half pager_end = self.current_page_num + self.pager_count_half + 1 page_html_list = [] first_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">首页</a></li>' % (1,) page_html_list.append(first_page) if self.current_page_num <= 1: prev_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">上一页</a></li>' else: prev_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">上一页</a></li>' % (self.current_page_num - 1,) page_html_list.append(prev_page) # self.params=copy.deepcopy(request.GET) # {"a":"1","b":"2"} for i in range(pager_start, pager_end): self.params['page'] = str(i) print('params',self.params,self.params.urlencode()) if i == self.current_page_num: #self.params.urlencode() 将字典转换为url 如：{'page': ['8'], 'c': ['4'], 'g': ['9']} 执行结果为 page=8&c=4&g=9 temp = '<li class="active"><a href="?%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(), i,) else: temp = '<li><a href="?%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.params.urlencode(), i,) page_html_list.append(temp) if self.current_page_num >= self.all_pager: next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一页</a></li>' else: next_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">下一页</a></li>' % (self.current_page_num + 1,) page_html_list.append(next_page) last_page = '<li><a href="?page=%s">尾页</a></li>' % (self.all_pager,) page_html_list.append(last_page) return ''.join(page_html_list)
""" Django settings for django_test21 project. Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 2.1. For more information on this file, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/settings/ For the full list of settings and their values, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/ """ import os # Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...) BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/deployment/checklist/ # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret! SECRET_KEY = '4x$)@k+r(8#naufhw-%(u74izc@2sjea8&w^(r#5bf613+5#od' # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'app01.apps.App01Config', ] MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ] ROOT_URLCONF = 'django_test21.urls' TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"templates")], 'APP_DIRS': True, 'OPTIONS': { 'context_processors': [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', ], }, }, ] WSGI_APPLICATION = 'django_test21.wsgi.application' # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#databases DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'), } } # Password validation # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator', }, { 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator', }, ] # Internationalization # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/i18n/ LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us' TIME_ZONE = 'UTC' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = True # Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images) # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/howto/static-files/ STATIC_URL = '/static/' TEMPLATE_DIRS = (os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates'),)
"""django_test21 URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls')) """ from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('index/', views.index), ]
from django.shortcuts import render from app01.models import Book def index(request): # book_list = [] # for x in range(1,101): # book = models.Book(title = 'book_%s' %x,price = x*x) # book_list.append(book) # models.Book.objects.bulk_create(book_list) # 自定义分页 print(request.GET) from app01.page import Pagination current_page_num = request.GET.get("page") book_list = Book.objects.all() pagination = Pagination(current_page_num, book_list.count(), request) ''' count=100 per_page=9 current_page_num=1 start 0 end 8 current_page_num=2 start 8 end 16 current_page_num=3 start 16 end 24 current_page_num=n start (n-1)*per_page end n*per_page ''' book_list = book_list[pagination.start:pagination.end] return render(request, "index.html", locals()) # Create your views here.
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class Book(models.Model): title=models.CharField(max_length=32) price=models.DecimalField(max_digits=9,decimal_places=2) def __str__(self): return self.title
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.3.7/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> </head> <body> <h1>这个是index界面</h1> </body> <ul> {% for book in book_list %} <li>{{ book.title }} ---- {{ book.price }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <nav aria-label="Page navigation"> <ul class="pagination"> {{ pagination.page_html|safe }} </ul> </nav> </html>
项目截图：
登录界面：
中间件
中间件的概念
中间件顾名思义，是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程，相对比较轻量级，并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局，所以需要谨慎实用，用不好会影响到性能。
Django的中间件的定义：
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Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. <br>It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output. |
如果你想修改请求，例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象，这些都可以通过中间件来实现。
可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作，这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。
大家可能频繁在view使用request.user吧。 Django想在每个view执行之前把user设置为request的属性，于是就用了一个中间件来实现这个目标。所以Django提供了可以修改request 对象的中间件 AuthenticationMiddleware。
Django默认的Middleware：
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
每一个中间件都有具体的功能。
自定义中间件
中间件中一共有四个方法：
process_request
process_view
process_exception
process_response
process_request，process_response
当用户发起请求的时候会依次经过所有的的中间件，这个时候的请求时process_request,最后到达views的函数中，views函数处理后，在依次穿过中间件，这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者。
上述截图中的中间件都是django中的，我们也可以自己定义一个中间件，我们可以自己写一个类，但是必须继承MiddlewareMixin
需要导入
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from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin |
in views:
def index(request): print("view函数...") return HttpResponse("OK")
in Mymiddlewares.py：
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求")
#return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response
结果：
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意：如果当请求到达请求2的时候直接不符合条件返回，即return HttpResponse("Md2中断")，程序将把请求直接发给中间件2返回，然后依次返回到请求者，结果如下：
返回Md2中断的页面，后台打印如下：
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md2返回
Md1返回
流程图如下：
process_view
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process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs) |
Mymiddlewares.py修改如下
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md1view") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md2view")
结果如下：
Md1请求
Md2请求
Md1view
Md2view
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
下图进行分析上面的过程：
当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后，返回到中间件1的process_view，然后依次往下，到达views函数，最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户。
process_view可以用来调用视图函数：
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) return response
结果如下：
Md1请求
Md2请求
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
注意：process_view如果有返回值，会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数，但是所有的process_response都还会执行。
process_exception
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process_exception(self, request, exception) |
示例修改如下：
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1请求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) # return response print("md1 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2请求") # return HttpResponse("Md2中断") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("md2 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...")
结果如下：
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
Md2返回
Md1返回
流程图如下：
当views出现错误时：
将md2的process_exception修改如下：
def process_exception(self,request,exception): print("md2 process_exception...") return HttpResponse("error")
结果如下：
Md1请求
Md2请求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函数...
md2 process_exception...
Md2返回
Md1返回
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