英语 - 语法填空
非谓语动词
前言
- 非谓语所有 \(10\) 种形式
- 非谓语的句法功能（做的句子成分）
非谓语做主语
只有两种形式：to do 和 doing。很少出现相应的被动。
规则：to do 用于具体的、一次性的、责任类的动作，doing 用于抽象的、习惯性的、普适性的动作！
例如：
To watch TV tonight will be a waste of your time.
Watching TV for too long isn't good for your eyes.
而且这个规则不仅适用于只填 to do / doing 的情况，也适用于 to do / doing 的其他变形。例如这个句子中，不填 To be exposed，就是因为阳光伤害皮肤是普遍规律。
Being exposed to sunlight for too much will do harm to one's skin.
当 it 做形式主语时，也适用这条规则：
- It is/was adj. for sb. to do sth.
- It is/was adj. of sb. to do sth.
- It is a/an n. to do sth.
- It takes sb. sometime to do sth.
- It is no use / good / harm doing sth.
- It is a waste of time doing sth.
非谓语做表语
一般有 to do、doing 两种形式，以及 to do 的被动 to be done（doing 的被动很少出现）。
- 系动词是 be
主语是 aim、idea、plan、job、suggestion 等名词，或是以 what 引导的名词性从句时，用不定式或动名词作表语，说明主语的具体内容。
不定式 to do 通常说明主语的职责，未来有待实现的行为；动名词 doing 则表示比较抽象的、习惯性动作。
例如：
My idea is to discuss the problem in groups.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
My job is to clean the teachers' office.
His hobby is collecting coins.
注意，当主语和表语都是非谓语时，要用同一种形式，例如：To see is to believe.
- 系动词不是 be（如 look、seem）
直接当做后面接形容词的情况即可，选择现在分词或过去分词，也就是 -ing 或 -ed 的形容词，分别表「xx 令人怎么怎么样」和「xx 怎么怎么样」。
- 系动词是 remain
remain 既可以类似 be 的情况，也可以类似非 be 的情况。
此时需要考虑填现在分词 doing 或过去分词 done 的情况。当 remain 作「有待」讲时，后加 to be done 作表语；当 remain 作「保持」讲时，后可加现在分词和过去分词作表语。
例如：
Our problem remains to be solved.
She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
The true author of the book remains unknown.
非谓语作宾语
介词之后一定是 doing。不过也可能出现完成时，见后面。
不能加 done！因为 done 不能做宾语。
经验性规律（不普适）：如何区分谓语动词后加 to do 还是 doing？to do 表示意图、态度、能力，doing 表示名词化、模糊时间。后面能接 doing 的动词一般能接名词。
我的结论（不普适）：判断时，先通过后面能不能接名词，判断是不是 doing，不是的话考虑填 to do。
to do 作宾语常见谓语动词
| LTY | LTY | LTY | LTY | LTY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| agree 同意 | ask 要求 | attempt 试图 | afford 承担得起 | arrange 安排 |
| bother 花费时间精力 | choose 选择，宁愿 | claim 声称 | demand 要求 | resolve 决心 |
| decide 决定 | determine 决定 | fail 未能 | expect 期待 | hope 希望 |
| happen 碰巧 | hesitate 迟疑，不愿意 | learn 学习 | long 渴望 | manage 设法 |
| prepare 准备 | prove 证明 | plan 打算 | pretend 假装 | promise 许诺 |
| refuse 拒绝 | seek 试图 | seem 似乎 | tend 倾向于 | try 努力 |
| threaten 威胁 | undertake 承担，答应 | volunteer 志愿 | want 想要 | wish 希望 |
doing 作宾语常见谓语动词
| LTY | LTY | LTY | LTY | LTY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| admit 承认 | *allow 允许 | avoid 避免 | appreciate 欣赏 | consider 考虑 |
| delay 耽搁 | deny 否认 | discuss 讨论 | enjoy 喜欢 | escape 逃避 |
| excuse 原谅 | finish 完成 | forbid 禁止 | fancy 想做 | forgive 宽恕 |
| practise 练习 | propose 建议 | *permit 允许 | postpone 拖延 | prevent 阻止 |
| imagine 想象 | miss 错过 | keep 保留 | risk 冒…的风险 | resist 抵制 |
| involve 涉及 | mind 在意 | mention 提及 | suggest 建议 | understand 理解 |
doing 作宾语常见短语
of 结尾：be fond of、be proud of、be afraid of；think of 想起
in 结尾：be busy (in)、be engaged in 忙于、succeed in、take pride in 以…为傲
to 结尾：look forward to、pay attention to、devote oneself to 致力于
其他：be worth 值得、feel like 想做、get down to 着手处理、set about 开始做
例如：
This video is worth watching again.
Do you feel like eating out tonight?
doing 作宾语常见句型
sb. have / has difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time + (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
sb. can't help / resist / stand doing sth.禁不住，忍不住
例如：
I had a hard time opening the bag.
I can't help thinking about her.
有的动词后面既能跟 to do 也能跟 doing？分为两类：
第一类意义一致，这个和作主语相同，区分todo 是具体的、一次性的 和 doing 是抽象的、习惯性的。常见动词有 like, love, prefer, hate, begin, start, continue…
例如：
I like watching TV in the evening, but today I prefer to read a book.
第二类意义不一致，和上面说的「谓语动词后」的情况相同，to do 表示意图、态度、能力，doing 表示名词化、模糊时间；或者，一些情况下 doing 表示已经做过，to do 表示还没做（如 forget）。常见动词有 remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop, go on...
例如：
What a poor memory! I forgot borrowing money from him yesterday. But today I forgot to return the money to him.
做这种题时，先判断答案是由哪个（谓语）动词决定的，在判断是 to do 还是 doing。
难点：有时候要用完成式，有时候要用进行式。需要根据语境来判断。不过这两个和上面的 to do、doing 是相互独立的。
也就是说做题时，需要分别确定：根据前面动词，用 to do 还是 doing？根据语境，用一般式还是完成式还是进行式？
- 如果语境强调了某件事是过去（关于当下语境来说是过去）发生的，就要用完成式。
例如：
He admitted having broken the window.
She seemed to have lost interest in food.
We are sorry for not having informed you of the matter.
注：第一个句子中，不是说用 breaking 是错的，而是需要根据上下文（语境）去判断。第二个句子也是。不过第三个句子是从「表情达意」的角度，用完成式更加诚恳一些。
- 如果语境强调动作是正在发生的，要用进行式。
例如：
He pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in.
He seems to be worrying about something.
注：to be doing 表将来还是进行？表进行！因为 to do 是动词的固定搭配，doing 才体现时态。
注：用进行式的情况比较有限，基本上就是类似于上面这两个例句的情况。
非谓语作补语
让别人去做，将意图、态度传递给了别人一定是 to do。所搭配的常见谓语动词有：advise、allow、ask、beg、force (强迫)、invite、order、persuade、teach、tell、want、warn…
疑点：“所谓”固定搭配。如 allow doing sth. 允许做某事，allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事；advise doing sth 建议做某事，advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事。这些固定搭配其实并不需要背，因为各组中的前者都是作宾语，后者都是作补语，本质是不同的。
例如：
Schools don't allow smoking. 作宾语
The doctor allowed him to smoke. 作补语
I'd advise buying your tickets in advance. 作宾语
I would advise you not to tell him. 作补语
难点：感官动词、使役动词后面加什么？
感官动词：look、see、watch、notice、observe；have、make、let；hear、listen；feel。
使役动词：have、make、let、keep、get、leave。
根据语境：
- 只强调动作，用 do（实际上是省略 to 的 to do）。但 get、leave 不省略 to。
- 强调被做（与句子中宾语为被动关系），用 done。
- 强调正在做，用 doing。
- 强调正在被做，用 being done。
例如：
I heard her sing an English song just now. 我刚才听到她唱歌。
I heard her singing an English song when l passed by. 我经过时，听到一首歌正被她唱。
I heard an English song being sung by her when l passed by. 我经过时，听到她正在唱歌。
I heard an English song sung by hermjust now. 我刚才听到一首歌被她唱了。
一个句式：当不定式作宾语，而后面又有宾语补足语时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将不定式后置。
sb. make / consider / feel / think / believe / find it + adj. / a(n) n. + to do sth.
例子：We consider to learn a foreign language well necessary. \(\longrightarrow\) We consider (feel / believe / find) it necessary to learn a foreign language well.
非谓语做定语
一个可能有用的知识点：区分 doing 做动名词还是现在分词：动名词表示的是功能、用途，现在分词表示的是所处状态。名词是否主动发出这个动作，如果是则为现在分词，否则为动名词。
或者这样判断：构造某些句子看看是否可以成立，见下。
例如：
a swimming pool 动名词，因为「a pool for swimming」成立。
a meeting room 动名词，因为「a room for meeting」成立。
aboy swimming in the pool 现在分词，因为「a boy who is swimming」「a boy swims」均成立。
running water 现在分词，因为「water which is running」「water runs」均成立，而「a water for running」不成立。注：running water 翻译为自来水、活水。
非谓语做定语常见形式：
- 正在做：doing
- 被做、已完成：done
- 正在被做：being done
- 不及物动词、已完成：done，注意此时只表示已完成，不表示被动。因为不及物动词根本没有被动！
- 未完成、将来做：to do
- 未完成、将来被做：to be done
- 非谓语做定语无需使用完成时！！！
\(\color{#66CCFF} \bullet\) 难点 #1：主动还是被动（用 to do 时）？不定式 to do 作定语，如果句子里有人（主语），并且是 to do 的动作发出者，用主动形式 to do 即可，无需使用 to be done。
例如：
I have a letter to write.
Would you like something to drink?
但如果不能确定主语是否是 to do 动作的发出者，那么还是应该用 to be done，这个就需要根据语境判断了，只要不能确定 或 能确定不是主语发出的动作，就要用被动 to be done。
例如：I have a letter to be typed. 我有一封信要（被别人）打印。
\(\color{#66CCFF} \bullet\) 难点 #2：带还是不带介词？不及物动词后面要加介词，及物动词不需要。
例如：Could you bring me a chair to sit on?
但是还有特殊情况，就是当被修饰的名词是 time, place, reason, way 等时（时间地点原因方式），不需要带介词。这些词似乎和定语从句中 when = on/during which、where = in/at which 有一些内在联系。
例如：We found a place to live.
\(\color{#66CCFF} \bullet\) 难点 #3：只能用 to do 的情况。（下面 1. 2.）
- 当被修饰名词前有序数词、最高级、the very/only、any/no/all 等限定词或是不定代词时，只能用不定式。
这也与定语从句中「当定语从句先行词被形容词最高级、序数词、the only/very、 anything/something 等不定代词修饰时，关系代词只能用 that 不能用 which。」有一些内在联系。
例如：
She was always the first to come and the last to leave.
Do you have anything to say?
- 被修饰名词为 ability、decision、plan、promise、chance、opportunity、right、courage 等抽象名词时，只能用不定式。
例如：I made a plan to memorize words every day. || Her decision to break up with me is heartbreaking.
判断方式：如果在「被修饰名词」和「不定式」之间加一个 is，变为不定式做宾语的情况，此时句子成立时，那么这个名词就是所谓「抽象名词」。
非谓语做状语
状语分类：①时间、②条件、③原因、④目的、⑤结果、⑥让步、⑦比较、⑧地点、⑨方式、⑩程度、⑪伴随。
- 不定式做状语：①作目的状语、③作形容词后的原因状语、④作意料之外的结果状语。
其中，①目的状语只能用 to do；②的常考标志词是 only；③可用的形容词非常有限，常见的有 happy、glad、amazed、sad、proud 这样一些表示心理状态的词。
例如：
①To make himself heard, he raised his voice.
③All of us are surprised to have been invited to the party.
③I was lucky enough to meet an outstanding teacher.
④He hurried home only to find his money stolen.
④He woke up (only) to find everybody gone.
- 分词作状语：除了不定式作状语之外都是分词作状语，根据主动被动判断用 doing 还是 done。①时间状语，②结果状语，③原因状语，以及⑪伴随状语。
例如：
①Having swallowed Little Red-Cap, the wolf went to bed and slept.
②He fell from his bike, breaking his leg.
③Not knowing her address, I wasn't able to contact her.
⑪She stayed at home, doing nothing.
如何去判断主动被动？看句子（被该状语修饰的句子）的主语 和 状语中非谓语 是主动还是被动即可。因为非谓语作状语，动作发出者（逻辑主语）一般就是句子的主语。
例如：
Seeing from the top of the mountain, I(主语) find the city more beautiful.
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city(主语) is more beautiful.
如何区分要不要用完成式？完全根据语境，如果明显需要体现动作先于谓语动词发生，才使用完成式。主动用 having done，被动用 having been done。
例如：
Having finished his homework, Peter went out to play at once.
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.
- 做题时，先根据不定式的三个功能，判断掉是否应该填不定式；如果不填不定式，根据主被动判断是用 doing 还是 done；然后根据语境来决定是否应该用完成式。
非谓语解题思路综述
作主语：根据 to do 用于具体的、一次性的、责任类的动作，doing 用于抽象的、习惯性的、普适性的动作，判断用 to do 还是 doing。具体见上。
作表语：区分系动词是 be、remain、其他三种情况。具体见上。
作宾语：
- 根据背诵固定搭配，选择用 doing 还是 to do：一个不普适的规律是 to do 表示意图、态度、能力，doing 表示名词化、模糊时间。
- 根据语境判断是否用完成式、进行式：如果语境强调了某件事是过去（关于当下语境来说是过去）发生的，就要用完成式。如果语境强调动作是正在发生的，要用进行式。
作补语：
- 判断是否是 to do：让别人去做，将意图、态度传递给了别人一定是 to do。可能需要背诵一些常见单词。
- 如果谓语动词是感官动词、使役动词：根据语境所强调的内容，判断 (to) do、done、doing、being done。具体见上。
作定语：
- 确定 to do、doing、done：已完成、被动（不及物动词则无被动）用 done，正在做用 doing，将来做用 to do，限定词或抽象名词后用 to do。
- 确定主被动：根据非谓语动词 与 所修饰名词的关系确定。需要用被动时 to do 变为 to be done，doing 变为 being done。
- 不用完成式！
作状语：
- 判断是否填不定式：当表示目的状语、意外结果或非谓语前面有 only、某些形容词后的原因状语时，用不定式 to do。然后确定是否应该使用被动，最终填 to do 或 to be done，没有完成式的限制。（跳过后面两条）
- 若非不定式，一定填分词：根据非谓语动词 与 被状语修饰的句子的主语 之间的关系来确定主被动。主动用现在分词 doing，被动用过去分词 done。
- 确定是否用完成式：当填分词时，根据语境判断句子是否强调先后，若强调则用完成式。需要用时 doing 变为 having done，done 变为 having been done。
其他
- （以前写的）to do vs to be done
当句子的主语就是动作的执行者时，用 to do；当主语不是执行者时，用 to be done。
例：
- I have many things to do.
- There are many tasks to be completed.
做题
介词
in
核心义：在某框架里
- 以「物」为框架：
车辆、建筑、容器 A cute dog is in the car.
穿着 The boy in black is Tony.
身体部位 The woman carried a baby in her arm.
杂志、书、作品 articles in the magazine.
领域、组织 She works in insurance.
语言 We were speaking in English.
风格、方式 We make shoes in all styles.
自然现象 in the rain/sun/dark
“爱河” He is in love with her.
- 以「时间」为框架：
年代、年、季、月、星期 It's quite rare for it to be this hot in April.
上/下午 I prefer coffee in the morning.
童年 I was afraid of dogs in my childhood.
年龄段 She was in her early forties.
时间段（在……之内） He mastered Korean in a year.
时间段（在……之后） She will be back in about 30 minutes.
in 加时间段时，表示「在……之内」还是「在……之后」？
之内：比预料时间更短、过去的事件。
之后：常与将来时连用。
- 以「状态、情绪」为框架：
in a state of ...、in a hurry、in a rage、in despair/pain/danger/trouble、in ruins、in public、in excitement、in high spirits、in good health/order、in the name of、in the absence of
- 以「原因、过程、结果」为框架：
原因：in view of 鉴于，考虑到；in consideration of；in that (+ 句子) 因为
过程：in process 在进行中；in the course of 在…的进程中
结果：result in 导致、结果是；in consequence 结果；end in (+ \(n.\) / doing) 以…告终
at
核心义：一个点（精准点）
- 以「地点、场所」为点：
区分 in at：in 表示大致范围，at 表示确切的点
I met her at the hospital.
l'll be at home all morning.
They arrived at New York on Sunday and will arrive in
Washington D.C. on Tuesday.
- 以「时间」为点：
精确时刻 We left at 2 o'clock/2:30.
时分 at dawn/dusk/twilight/sunrise/bedtime
一次 One step at a time.
第一眼 It was love at first sight.
一…就… At the sight of the police officers, they ran off.
区分「at night」「in the night」：
at 表示一个点，强调某一个时间点，如 A fire occurred at night.
in 表示时间段，如：A fire broke out in the night.
- 以「精确数值」为点：
时间 We left at 2 o'clock/2:30.
年龄 She got married at 25.
温度 Water boils at 100°C.
价格 Let's set the price of the shirt at 9.15 pounds.
程度 He was at his best in the debate yesterday.
程度 She's 22 years old at most / least.
速率 at the rate of 以…的速率；at full speed 全速
水平 at a high level 在较高水平
代价 at the expense of 以…为代价
- 因为某某做出情绪 / 动作反应：
be surprised / upset / angry / amazed at
at sb's reguest 应某人要求
at the invitation of 应某人的邀请
- 以「目标」为点
laugh at 嘲笑、smile at 微笑、wink at 眨眼、shout / yell / scream at 大喊大叫、shoot at 射击、aim at 瞄准、throw at 投向、stare af 盯着、glare at 怒视、glance at 扫视
- 以「擅长实物」为点
be good at、be skilled at、proficient at、excellent at、excel at、be quick / slow at
be an expert at
例句：She is quick / slow at figures. 她算数很好 / 很坏。
注：此处 be an expert at 意思是“擅长某时”。不要和 be an expert in doing “是某领域里面的专家” 混淆了。
- 也可以表示某种状态
at play、at rest、at peace、at war、at risk 处于危险中、at loss 不知所措、at ease 舒适自在、at random 随意、随机地
on
核心义：附着在上，有接触
- 附着在上
日历纸张 I was born on July 9. | His name is on the list.
(时间点) “一…就…” On reaching / arrival / arriving the city, I called up you.
账单 Drinks are on me!
情感、视线、注意力 My mind was still on this research.
压力、强迫 The father is putting pressure on his son. | force on / impose on 强加于… | blame on 把责任推给…
- 有接触
墙壁 / 地板等 There are fans on the ceiling and on the wall.
电话 It's your mother on the phone.
身体 (部位) She wore a ring on her finger. | I didn't have any money on me.
交通工具 People are using their phones on the bus/train.
道路 / 线路 We were driving on the new road to Tibet.
事件 / 流程 Work has to be done on schedule. | They went on holiday last week. | on time | on business | on a journey / trip / visit / mission
无线电 My favourite song was playing on the radio.
- 附着于抽象事物
附着于某基础、体系、原则 He finds it difficult to live on his salary / low income. | depend on 依赖 | feed on 以…为食 / 能源 | on the basis of 基于 | on the account of 由于
附着于“目的” He bumped into the woman on purpose.
附着于话题、主题、演说、讲课、写作 a book on South Africa | advice / debate / remark / book on | advise / agree / comment / remark on
-
持续：be on show / sale / strike
-
团体：on the team / jury / board / committee
-
区分 in 和 on
He has many strange ideas in his mind. 因为应该是许多主意在他的脑袋这个 “框架” 中；译为在头脑中、在思考中
Don't bother your father tonight-he's got a lot on his mind. 因为应该是许多事情在他爸爸心上惦记着；译为挂在心上、惦记着
It is written on page 77. 因为应该是附着在一页纸上。
in 表示在范围内 Tibet lies in the west of China. 因为应该是在中国西部这个大的框架内
on 表示接壤 China lies on the east of the Pacific Ocean. 因为中国与太平洋东部应该是相接的关系
to 表示间隔 见下一课
for
核心义：朝向某方向；交换
- 朝向人、事、物
人 This is a present for your daughter.
事 He goes for a drink with his coworkers.
物 They are saving up for their wedding.
- 朝向目标、用途等
目标 / 意图 / 目的 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your test?
功能 / 用途 We need a room for study.
for + \(n.\) 如 for sale / safety
\(v.\) + for 如 look / wait / fight / seek / long for | send for. 派人去叫；请…来
be + \(adj.\) + for 如 be qualified for 可胜任…的 | be eager for 渴望…的 (=be eager to do)
- 朝向原因
原因 Thank you for following me.
for your safety 出于…的考虑 | in return for 作为…的报答 | jump for joy 高兴得跳起来 | be famous for | feel sorry for | reject / hate sb. for sth. | be punished for
- 朝向喜爱的对象、参考标准等
赞成、喜爱的对象 Are you for or against the plan? (口语) | vote for | have a passion for | sb.'s love for
鉴别的对象 She has a good eye for bargains. | an ear for music | a nose for news
参考标淮 He is tall for his age. | too much / big / heavy for a child
- 交换
（用钱、代价）交换 I bought it from a friend for \(£\) 10. | pay / rent for
替代 Can you go to the store for me?
代表、意味着 take / mistake … for … 把…错认为 | take … for granted 把…当做理所当然 | stand / speak for 代表 / 代表…讲话
- 朝向时间、距离、次数
时间 The film lasted for three hours. | The meeting is fixed for 3 o'clock. | for a while | for years
距离 He swims for 3000 meters every day. | for miles | for a thousand yards
次数 for the first / last time
- 区分 for 和 to
for 强调目标，to 强调结果。
Is this the train for Beijing? 不一定抵达
Is this the train to Beijing? 要抵达的
向前方目标运动 set out / off for | head / sail for | depart / leave for | be bound / destined for
向最终结果运动 get / come / move / travel to | walk / ride / drive / fly to | lead to | return to
to
核心义：前往并到达；对比
- 强调前往某方向、到达终点 / 结果
地点 I walk to school every day.
某人 She is giving some candy to the boy.
皮肤 We got soaked to the skin in the rain.
钟点 It's five to ten now.
要点 His explanation is to the point.
状态 The glass was broken to pieces.
程度 to the minimum / to some degree
belong to 属于 | sing sb. to sleep 哄睡 | rise to power 掌权 | attach to 依附 / 系上 / 贴上 | sb. be moved to tears 感动落泪 | dance to music 随着音乐跳舞 | To one's surprise / regret / relief, … 令某人…的是
the key to the door / lock 门 / 锁的钥匙
the way to success 成功的关键
the answer / solution to the question / problem 问题的答案 / 解决办法
the introduction to… 的介绍 / 引言 / 导论 / 开场白
the bridge / entrance / exit to… 桥 / 入口 / 出口
- 强调对立、比较、对比、比分、比率等
对立 face to face, back to back
比分 one to two 比分一比二
比较 be inferior / equal / superior to | be similar / different to | prefer A to B
比率 The rewards you get will be in proportion to the effort you pay. 与…成比例
类比 Air is to human what water is to fish. 空气之于人类犹如水之于鱼
比喻 compare to 把…比作、比喻
- 再次区分 for 与 to
for 表示客观，to 表示主观。
Exercising more is good for our health. 客观
It may be easy to you but it is difficult to me. 主观
向某机构组织申请 apply to a company / university
申请的事 apply for a job / passport
Students apply for admission to a particular college.
from
核心义：离开并出发
- 离开起点
地点 He is walking from the station.
国家 He is from China.
时间 He'll be in London from Tuesday to Friday.
事物的来源 What can we learn from the passage?
原料 Wine is made from grapes.
现实 He wants to escape from reality.
数数 She'll buy the second bag from the right.
状态 It takes time to recover from the illness.
活动 She arrived home from work.
- 表分离
How do you prevent this from happening?
save / protect / free / prevent / stop / keep / hide … from
- 表区分
Learning a language is different from learning math.
I Can you tell Tom from his twin brother?
know right from wrong 明辦是非
tell / differ / distinguish A from B
Conditions vary from school to school.
- 表事件原因
He felt sick from tiredness.
The explorers were faint from hunger and cold.
judge / benefit / suffer / result from
- 区分 from 与 for
两者均可以表原因，其中：
奖惩 / 致谢 / 贵备 / 宽恕 / 道歉 + for
reward / thank / blame / forgive sb. for | apologize to sb. for sth.
其它情况加 from（见上「表事件原因」）
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