人工智能
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Artificial Intelligence is a term that in its broadest sense would indicate the ability of an artifact to perform the same kinds of functions that characterize human thought.
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人工智能这个术语，从广义上讲，指的是人工制品完成具有人类思维特征功能的能力。
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The possibility of developing some such artifact has intrigued human beings since ancient times.
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With the growth of modern science, the search for AI has taken two major directions: psychological and physiological research into the nature of human thought, and the technological development of increasingly sophisticated computing systems.
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随着现代科学的发展，对AI的探索主要在两个方向上进行着：对人类思维特征的心理和物理研究以及日趋先进的计算机系统的技术开发。
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In the latter sense, the term AI has been applied to computer systems and programs capable of performing tasks more complex than straightforward programming, although still far from the realm of actual thought.
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就其后者的意义来说，虽然仍离实际的思维领域还相当遥远，但AI这个术语已被运用于计算机系统和能够完成比直接编程更复杂的任务的程序。
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The most important fields of research in this area information processing, pattern recognition, game playing computers, and applied fields such as medical diagnosis.
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在这方面最重要的研究领域是信息处理、模式识别和游戏表演计算机以及诸如医疗诊断等应用领域。
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Scientists are now creating machines that can understand spoken language, and that can make logical decisions; these machines can play chess, devise investment strategy, help physicians diagnose disease.
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科学家现正在创造能听懂口语并能做出符合逻辑的决策的机器；这些机器能下象棋、设计投资策略并帮助医生诊断疾病。
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One important product of AI is the front-end system mind, a program that allows nonexperts to use their own natural language to retrieve information from databases.
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AI的一个重要产品是前端思维系统，该系统是一个程序，它允许非专家利用自己的自然语言从数据库提取信息。
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Current research in information processing deals with programs that enable a computer to understand written or spoken information and to produce summaries, answer specific questions, or redistribute information to users interested in specific areas of this information.
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当前对信息处理程序的研究已致力于使计算机能够理解书面或口头信息并能生成总结，回答具体问题，或将这些信息传送给对这些信息的具体领域感兴趣的用户。
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Essential to such programs is the ability of the system to generate grammatically correct sentences and to establish linkages between words, ideas, and associations with other ideas.
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这些程序的重要特征是系统能够生成文法正确的语句，并在词汇和概念之间建立联系，并与其它概念建立联想。
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Research has shown that whereas the logic of language structure, its syntax, submits to programming, the problem of meaning, or semantics, lies far deeper, in the direction of true AI.
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研究表明，鉴于语言结构的逻辑，即语法，要服从编程，要想达到真正的人工智能，还会有更深层次的意义或语义学的问题。
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In medicine, programs have been developed that analyzed the disease symptoms, medical history, and laboratory test results of a patient, and then suggest a diagnosis to the physician.
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在医学上，程序已经发展到分析患者的病症、病史以及化验结果并向医生做出诊断建议。
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The diagnostic program is an example of so-called expert systems —— programs designed to perform tasks in specialized areas as a human would.
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诊断程序就是一个所谓的专家系统——设计在专门领域能够像人类一样完成任务的程序。
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Expert systems take computers a step beyond straightforward programming, begin based on a technique called rule-based inference, in which preestablished rule systems used to process the data.
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专家系统，基于规则库推断技术，已将计算机带出了直接编程时代，用预先建立的规则系统来处理信息。
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Despite their sophistication, systems still do not approach the complexity of true intelligent thought.
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但不论他们有多么的高级，这些系统仍赶不上真正智能思维的复杂性。
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Many scientists remain doubtful that true AI can ever be developed.
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许多科学家仍然怀疑能否开发真正的人工智能。
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The operation of the human mind is still little understood, and computer design may remain essentially incapable of analogously duplicating those unknown, complex processes.
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人类的思维功能还知之甚少，而计算机设计仍处于不能从根本上类似复制那些未知的、复杂的过程。
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Various routes are begin used in the effort to reach the goal of true AI.
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目前我们正在想方设法努力来到达真正的人工智能。
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One approach is to apply the concept of parallel processing-interlinked and concurrent computer operations.
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方法之一是运用并行处理的方法即相互连接和并行的计算机运算。
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Another is to create networks of experimental computer chips, called silicon neurons, that mimic data-processing functions of brain cells.
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另一个方法是创造试验计算机芯片网络即硅神经元，来模拟人脑细胞处理信息的功能。
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Using analog technology, the transistors in these chips emulate nerve-cell membranes in order to operate at the speed of neurons.
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利用模拟技术，仿效神经细胞膜来制造这些芯片中的晶体管，以便能以神经元的速度运算。
Expert System
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An expert system is a type of computer application program that mimics the expertise of human specialists and makes decisions or solves problems in a particular field, such as finance or medicine, by using knowledge and analytical rules defined by experts in the field.
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专家系统是一种计算机应用程序，它能利用专家们在该领域中定义的知识和分析规则，模仿人类专家的专长来做决策或解决某一特殊领域（如金融或者医学领域）中的问题。
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Human expert solve problems by using a combination of factual knowledge and reasoning ability.
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人类专家是通过利用实际知识和推理能力相结合来解决问题的。
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In an expert system, these two essentials are contained in two separate but related components, a knowledge base and an inference engine.
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在专家系统中，这两个基本要素被分别包含在单独的两个元件中，即知识库和推理机。
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The knowledge base provides specific facts and rules about the subject, and the inference engine provides the reasoning ability that enables the expert system to form conclusions.
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知识库提供专项知识和相关规则，同时推理机提供专家系统形成结论的推理能力。
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For example, an expert system that diagnoses blood disease in a patient would require a knowledge base that included data on physiology, blood pathogens, disease symptoms, and treatment options.
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例如，诊断病人血液疾病的专家系统将要求包括生理学，血液病原体，病症以及处置方法的知识库。
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The inference engine searches through the knowledge base and concludes which possible disease or diseases the patient has and then suggests various treatments based on that diagnosis.
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推理机搜索知识库，总结出病人可能患的某种疾病或者多种疾病，然后再诊断的基础上建议各种治疗方法。
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Expert systems also provide additional tools in the form of user interface and explanation facilities.
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专家系统也还以用户界面和解释设施的形式提供附加工具。
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User interfaces, as with any application, enable people to form queries, provide information, and otherwise interact with the system.
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如同任何应用软件，用户界面使人们能够质询，提供信息，进行同系统相关的各种事情。
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Explanation facilities, an intriguing part of expert systems, enable the systems to explain or justify their conclusions, and they also enable developers to check on the operation of the systems themselves.
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解释设施是专家系统中令人感兴趣的一部分，它使系统能够解释或者证明他们的结论，同时也使研制者能够检查系统自身的运行。
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Expert systems originated in the 1960s; fields in which they are used include chemistry, geology, medicine, banking and investments, and insurance.
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专家系统起源于60年代，目前他们已被应用到化学、地质、医学、银行、投资以及保险等领域。
Parallel Processing and Deep Blue
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Parallel processing is computer technique in which multiple operations are carried out simultaneously.
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并行处理是同时执行多重操作的计算机技术。
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Parallelism reduces computational time.
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并行操作减少计算时间。
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For this reason, it is used for many computationally intensive applications such as predicting economic treads or generating visual special effects for feature films.
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因此，它被应用于许多计算密集型项目，诸如经济趋势预测或电影的特殊视觉效果的泡制。
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Two common ways that parallel processing is accomplished are through multiprocessing or instruction-level parallelism.
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实现并行处理的两个普通方法是通过多重处理或指令级并行操作。
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Multiprocessing links several processors computers or microprocessors(the electronic circuits that provide the computational power and control of computers) together to solve a single problem.
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多重处理连接若干处理器——计算机或微处理器（提供计算能力和控制计算机的电子电路）共同解决单一的问题。
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Instruction-level parallelism uses a single computer processor that executes multiple instructions simultaneously.
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指令级并行操作则利用单一的计算机处理器同时执行多重指令。
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If a problem is divided evenly into ten independent parts that are solved simultaneously on ten computers, then the solution requires one-tenth of the time it would take on a single nonparallel computer where each part is solved in sequential order.
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如果一个问题被平均划分为十个独立的部分，同时在十台计算机上处理，则解决该问题\仅需要一台\顺序解决每一部分问题的\非并行计算机的\十分之一的时间。
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Many large problems are easily divisible for parallel processing.
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许多大问题很容易划分来进行并行处理。
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A good case in point is Deep Blue.
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深蓝就是一个明显的例子。
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In 1996 International Business Machine Corporation (IBM) challenged Gary Kasparov, the reigning world chess champion, to a chess match with a supercomputer called Deep Blue.
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1996年，国际商用机器公司（IBM）向多次获得世界象棋冠军的盖利·卡斯帕罗夫提出挑战，并与名叫深蓝的巨型机对弈。
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The computer utilized 256 microprocessors in a parallel architecture to compute more than 100 million chess positions per second.
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该计算机在并行结构中使用了256个微处理器，每秒可计算超过1亿个象棋位置。
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Kasparov won the match with three wins, two draws, and one loss.
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卡斯帕罗夫以三胜，两和及一负的战绩赢得了比赛。
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Deep Blue was the first computer to win a game against a world champion with regulation time controls.
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但深蓝是第一台在规则时间控制内赢了世界冠军一局的计算机。
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Some experts predict these type of parallel processing machines will eventually surpass human chess playing ability, and some speculate that massive calculating power will one day substitute for intelligence.
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一些专家预料这类并行处理机最终将超过人类下象棋的能力，同时一些专家推测强大的计算能力总有一天会取代智能。
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Deep Blue serves as a prototype for future computers that will be required to solve complex problems.
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