虚拟现实
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Virtual Reality is a system that enables one or more users to move and react in a computer simulated environment.
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虚拟现实是使一个或多个用户能够在计算机模拟环境中活动和反应的系统。
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Various types of devices allow users to sense and manipulate virtual objects much as they would real objects.
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This natural style of interaction gives participants the feeling of being immersed in the simulated world.
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这种相互作用的自然风格使参与人有融入模拟世界的感觉。
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Virtual worlds are created by mathematical models and computer programs.
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虚拟世界是由数字模型和计算机程序创造出来的。
Interface Devices界面设备
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Virtual Reality simulated differ from other computer simulated in that they require special interface devices that transmit the sights, sounds, and sensations of the simulated world to the user.
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虚拟现实模拟有别于其它的计算机模拟，他们要求专门的界面设备来向用户传送图像、声音和对模拟世界的感觉。
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These devices also record and send the speech and movements of the participants to the simulation program.
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这些设备也记录参与人的讲话和活动，并将其传给模拟程序。
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To see in the virtual world, the user wears a HMD with screens directed at each eye.
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若要在虚拟世界中看东西，用户必须戴一个套在头上的显示器，在头盔内两眼各对一只荧光屏。
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The HMD also contains a position tracker to monitor the location of the user's head and the direction in which the user is looking.
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头盔显示器内有一个位置跟踪器来控制用户头部位置和视线方向。
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Using this information, a computer recalculates images of the virtual world a slightly different view for each eye to match the direction in which the user is looking, and displays these images on the HMD.
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计算机利用该跟踪信息，将虚拟世界影像进行再调整，使两眼视物略微有别，以适应用户的视线方向，并在头盔显示器上显示调整过的影像
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The computer must generate these new views at least ten times a second in order to prevent the user's view from appearing halting and jerky and from lagging behind the user's movements.
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计算机必须每秒产生至少十幅这些新的视物，才不至于使用户的视物出现停帧和跳动，同时才能避免视物落后于用户的活动。
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Virtual world scenes must be kept relatively simple so that the computer can update the visual imagery quickly enough.
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虚拟世界的景物必须保持相对简单，这样计算机才能够迅速地更新视觉形象。
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Because of these simplifications and other shortcomings of current visual displays and computer graphics, VR participants can easily distinguish a simulation from physical reality.
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由于这些简化和目前视觉显示及计算机图形学的其他缺陷，虚拟现实参与人能很容易地将模拟和现实区别开来。
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Users hear sounds in the virtual world through earphones in the HMD.
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用户在虚拟世界中是通过在头盔内的耳机听到声音的。
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The information reported by the position tracker on the HMD can also be used to update audio signals.
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由在头盔上的位置跟踪器报来的信息也能被使用来更新音频信号。
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When a sound source in virtual space is not directly in front of or behind the user, the computer transmits sounds to arrive at one ear a little earlier or later than at the other and to be a little louder or softer and slightly different in pitch.
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当在虚拟空间的声源不是直接地在用户的前方或后方，计算机会将声音较早一点儿送达一耳朵或较迟一点儿送达另一耳朵，同时一个声音大点儿或一个声音小点儿，而且音调也有所不同。
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However, as with visual imagery, there are currently scientific and engineering challenges that must be overcome in order to simulate accurately all the sounds heard in the physical world.
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但是，正象战胜视觉形象的挑战一样，若要精确模拟在现实世界听到的全部声音，目前尚需战胜科学和技术方面的挑战。
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The haptic interface, which relays the sense of touch and other physical sensations in the virtual world, is the least developed and perhaps the most challenging to create.
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触觉界面，能中继在虚拟世界内的触觉和其他外部感觉，是最落后的一部分，或许也是制造中最复杂的一部分。
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Currently, with the use of a glove and position tracker, the computer locates the user's hand and measures finger movements.
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目前，由于使用了手套和位置跟踪器，计算机可判定用户手的位置并能测出手指的移动。
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The user can reach into the virtual world and handle object but cannot actually feel them.
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用户能置身于虚拟世界并操纵物体但却不能真正地摸到他们。
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It is particularly difficult to generate the sensations that are felt when a person taps a hard surface, pick up an object, or runs a finger across a textured surface.
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而要产生人敲打硬物、捡起一件东西或手指划过有纹理的表面这些感觉尤为困难。
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To simulate these sensations, a set of computer controlled motors faster and more accurate than any presently available would have to generate force feedback by physically pushing against the user.
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为模拟这些感觉，不得不使用一套计算机控制的、比目前现有的更快且更准确的马达来实际地推用户以产生受力反馈。
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Another problem is determining how a user would wear these motors and the wiring needed to control then.
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接着而来的另一个问题是确定用户如何穿戴这些马达和需要控制马达的连线。
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Touch sensations, would also have to be synchronized with the sights and sounds users experienced in their HMDs.
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触觉还必须与用户在他们的头盔里感受到的音、像同步。
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A current solution to the haptic challenge is the use of desktop devices that can apply small forces, through a mechanical linkage, to a stylus held in the user's hand.
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对于触觉问题暂时的解决办法是使用台面设备，通过机械连接，将微小力量施加到用户握在手里的触针上。
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Users can feel when the point of the stylus encounters a virtual object, and they can drag the stylus across the surface to feel its texture and surface geometry.
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当触针尖遇到一个虚拟物体的时候，用户就能感觉到，而且他们还能拖着触针划过表面来感觉它的纹理和表面的几何形状。
Development and Uses发展和使用
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Researchers have been working on virtual reality devices for many years.
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多年来，研究人员一直在研究虚拟现实设备。
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In the 1960s Raymond Goertz at Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois, and Ivan Sutherland, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambrideg, Massachusetts, demonstrated early versions of HMDs.
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60年代，在伊利诺斯州阿冈区阿冈国家实验室的雷蒙德·哥尔兹和在马萨诸塞州坎布里奇市麻省理工学院的伊凡·苏萨兰展示了早期的头盔显示器。
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Goertz, and later Michael Noll of Bell Laboratories, also developed prototype force deedback devices.
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哥尔兹和随后的贝尔实验室的迈克尔·诺尔也发明了受力反馈设备的雏形。
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In recent years, virtual reality devices have improved dramatically as the result of various technological advances.
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近年来，由于各种技术的进步，虚拟现实设备已有很大的改进。
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Computers now are more powerful, have a higher memory capacity, are smaller, and cost less than in the past.
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计算机已比过去功能更强，存储量更大，体积更小，价格更便宜。
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These developments, along with the advent of small liquid crystal display(LCDs) that can be used in HMDs, have made it possible for scientists to develop virtual reality simulations.
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这些发展，伴随着能使用在头盔里的小液晶显示器的问世，已使科学家有可能改进虚拟现实模拟。
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Virtual reality is currently used to explore and manipulate experimental data in ways that were not possible before.
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虚拟现实目前被用来探索和操纵以前无法获得的实验数据。
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Therapists use VR to treat sufferers of child abuse and people who are afraid of heights.
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治疗专家使用虚拟现实来治疗儿童吸毒受害者和患有恐高症的人。
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Muscular dystrophy patients can learn to use a wheelchair through virtual reality.
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肌肉萎缩病人能通过虚拟现实来学习使用轮椅。
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In the future, surgeons may use VR to plan and practice an operation on a virtual patient rather than a real person.
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将来，外科医生可以使用虚拟现实在一位虚拟病人，而不是在真人身上来安排和预习手术。
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Architects could take clients on a virtual tour of a new house before it was built.
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建筑师能够在新房子建成之前，带客户虚拟观光新房。
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VR could be used to train the operators of aircraft and other complicated machinert.
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虚拟现实还能用来训练飞机员和和他复杂机械操作手。
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Network VR simulations could enable people in many different locations to participate together in teleconferences, virtual surgical operations, or simulated military training exercises.
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网络上的虚拟现实模拟能使许多不同地方的人共同参加电话会议，一起虚拟外科手术，或集体模拟军事演习。
Virtual Reality Programs虚拟现实程序
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Virtual reality programs give users three essential capabilities —immersion, navigation, and manipulation.
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虚拟现实程序给用户三个基本能力——投入、漫游和操纵。
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People must be immersed in the alternate reality, not merely feel as they are viewing it on a screen.
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人们必须完全投入到这另一个现实中去，而不能觉得仅仅是在观看屏幕。
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To this end, some programs require people to wear headphones, use special controllers or foot pedals, or wear 3D glasses.
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为此，一些程序要求人们戴耳机，使用专门的操纵杆或脚蹬，或者戴立体眼镜。
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The most sophisticated means of immersing users in a virtual reality program is through the use of head mounted displays, helmets that feed slightly different images to either eye and that actually move the computer image in the direction that the user moves his or her head.
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在虚拟现实程序中，使用户完全投入的最新进的方法是使用套头式显示器，即头盔。头盔给双眼传送略微不同的图像，并能真正地按用户头部移动的方向移动计算机图像。
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Virtual reality programs also create a world that is completely consistent internally.
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虚拟现实程序也创造一个内部完全协调的世界。
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Thus one can navigate one's way through that world as "realistically" as in the real world.
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这样，一个人就能像在现实世界那样真实地在模拟世界的路上漫游。
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For example, a street scene will always show the same doors and windows, which, though their perspective may change, is always absolutely consistent internally.
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例如，街景会总是展现相同的门窗，虽然外部观察方位会变化，但内部联系始终是绝对一致的。
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The most important aspect of virtual reality program is its ability to let people manipulate objects in that world.
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虚拟现实程序最重要的方面是给人们在它那个世界里操纵物体的能力。
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Pressing a button may fire a gun, holding down a key may increase a plane's speed, clicking a mouse may open a door, or pressing arrow keys may rotate an object.
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按按钮可以开火，压住一个键会提高飞机速度，单击鼠标能开门，或者压住箭头可以使物体旋转。
Flight Simulator飞行模拟器
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A flight simulator is a computer generated re-creation of the experience of flying.
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飞行模拟器是利用计算机对飞行经历的再现。
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Sophisticated flight simulators costing hundreds of thousands of dollars can provide pilot training, simulating emergency situations without putting human crews and planes at risk.
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价值几十万美元的先进的飞行模拟器能提供飞行训练，模拟紧急情况，而不必拿机组人员和飞机去冒险。
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Flight simulator software running on personal computers simulates flight in a less realistic fashion; it provides entertainment and practice in navigation and instrument reading.
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在个人计算机上运行的飞行模拟软件的飞行模拟不太逼真；它提供的是娱乐、导航实习和熟悉仪表。
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A flight simulator is a perfect example of programs that create a virtual reality, or a computer generated "reality" in which the user does not merely watch but is able to actually participate.
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飞行模拟器是创造虚拟现实的程序的一个完美例子，或者也可以叫它计算机生成的“现实“，在这个”现实“中，用户不光能看，而且能实际参与。
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The user supplies input to the system by pushing buttons or moving a yoke or joy-stick, and the computer uses real world data to determine the results of those actions.
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用户通过推按钮或者移动飞机操纵杆或游戏棒向系统提供输入，而计算机使用现实世界数据决定那些动作的结果。
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For example, if the user pulls back on the flight simulator's yoke, the computer translates the action according to built in rules derived from the performance of a real airplane.
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例如，如果用户拉回飞行模拟器的飞机操纵杆，计算机会根据内置的，由真飞机性能转换来的规则解释该动作。
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The monitor will show exactly what an airplane's viewscreen would show as it begins to climb.
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当飞机开始爬高时，监视器会确切展现飞机挡风玻璃上出现的景象。
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If the user continues to climb without increasing the throttle, the "virtual plane" will stall and the "pilot" will lose control.
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如果用户不增大风门而继续爬高，”虚拟飞机“就会失速，而这个”飞行员“就会失控。
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Thus the user's physical actions are immediately and realistically reflected on the computer's display.
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这样，用户的外部反应会马上且真实地反映在计算机的显示器上。
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For all intents and purposes, the user is flying, that is, the "plane" obeys the same laws of nature, has the same mechanical capabilities, and responds to the same commands as a real airplane.
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实际上，用户正在飞行，也就是说，这架”飞机“如同真飞机一样，服从相同的自然规律，有相同的机械能力，并且对相同的命令做出反应。
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